Al-Muqaddimāt al-Mumahhidāt - Ibn Rush al-Jadd - (1/346)

Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

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Allah—Mighty and Majestic—then made jihad obligatory upon all Muslims without exception. He Most High said:

“Fight the polytheists all together, just as they fight you all together, and know that Allah is with the righteous.” [al-Tawbah: 36]

He Most High also said:

“Believe in Allah and His Messenger, and strive in Allah’s cause with your wealth and your lives. That is better for you, if only you knew.” [al-Saff: 11]

And He said:

“O you who believe, what is the matter with you that, when you are told to go forth in Allah’s cause, you cling heavily to the earth? Are you content with the life of this world rather than the Hereafter? Yet the enjoyment of this worldly life is but little compared with the Hereafter.” [al-Tawbah: 38]

“If you do not go forth, He will punish you with a painful punishment and replace you with another people, and you will not harm Him in the least.” [al-Tawbah: 39] (To the end of the verse.)

He Most High also said:

“It was not for the people of Medina and the Bedouins around them to remain behind the Messenger of Allah, nor to prefer their own lives to his.” [al-Tawbah: 120] (To the end of the verse.)

Then Allah—Blessed and Exalted—abrogated this, making it an obligation that those Muslims who undertook it discharged on behalf of the rest. He Most High said:

“The believers should not all go forth together. Why, then, should not a group from each of their divisions go forth, so that they may gain understanding of the religion and warn their people when they return to them, that they may beware?” [al-Tawbah: 122]

According to what is reported from Ibn ‘Abbās—may Allah be pleased with them both—the verse means that the believers should not all go forth against their enemy and leave the Messenger of Allah—peace and blessings be upon him—alone. “Why, then, should not a group from each of their divisions go forth”—that is, a band of men, meaning the military detachments, who were not to set out without his permission. When the detachments returned, if Quran had been revealed in their absence, those who had stayed behind would have learned it from the Prophet—peace and blessings be upon him—and would tell them: “Allah has revealed Quran to your Prophet in your absence, and we have learned it.” The detachments would then remain to learn what Allah had revealed to their Prophet in their absence, while other detachments were sent out. This is what is meant by His words, “so that they may gain understanding of the religion.”

Al-Hasan said that the meaning is: Why should not a group from each of their divisions go forth to gain understanding of the religion? That is, so that those who went out might gain understanding through what

فصل وفرض الله ﷿ الجهاد حينئذ على جميع المسلمين كافة فقال تعالى: ﴿وَقَاتِلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَافَّةً كَمَا يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ كَافَّةً وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الْمُتَّقِينَ﴾ [التوبة: ٣٦]، وقال تعالى: ﴿تُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَتُجَاهِدُونَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ بِأَمْوَالِكُمْ وَأَنْفُسِكُمْ ذَلِكُمْ خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ﴾ [الصف: ١١]، وقال: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مَا لَكُمْ إِذَا قِيلَ لَكُمُ انْفِرُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ اثَّاقَلْتُمْ إِلَى الأَرْضِ أَرَضِيتُمْ بِالْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا مِنَ الآخِرَةِ فَمَا مَتَاعُ الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا فِي الآخِرَةِ إِلا قَلِيلٌ﴾ [التوبة: ٣٨] ﴿إِلا تَنْفِرُوا يُعَذِّبْكُمْ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا وَيَسْتَبْدِلْ قَوْمًا غَيْرَكُمْ وَلا تَضُرُّوهُ شَيْئًا﴾ [التوبة: ٣٩] الآية. وقال تعالى: ﴿مَا كَانَ لأَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ وَمَنْ حَوْلَهُمْ مِنَ الأَعْرَابِ أَنْ يَتَخَلَّفُوا عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ وَلا يَرْغَبُوا بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ عَنْ نَفْسِهِ﴾ [التوبة: ١٢٠] الآية، ثم نسخ الله ﵎ ذلك فجعل الفرض يحمله من قام به من المسلمين عن سائرهم فقال تعالى: ﴿وَمَا كَانَ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ لِيَنْفِرُوا كَافَّةً فَلَوْلا نَفَرَ مِنْ كُلِّ فِرْقَةٍ مِنْهُمْ طَائِفَةٌ لِيَتَفَقَّهُوا فِي الدِّينِ وَلِيُنْذِرُوا قَوْمَهُمْ إِذَا رَجَعُوا إِلَيْهِمْ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَحْذَرُونَ﴾ [التوبة: ١٢٢]، معنى الآية على ما روي عن ابن عباس ﵄: ما كان المؤمنون لينفروا كافة إلى عدوهم ويتركوا رسول الله ﷺ وحده، فلولا نفر من كل فرقة منهم طائفة أي عصبة يعني السرايا ولا يخرجوا إلا بإذنه، فإذا رجعت السرايا وقد نزل بعدهم قرآن تعلمه القاعدون من النبي ﵊ وقالوا لهم إن الله قد أنزل على نبيكم من بعدكم قرآنا قد تعلمناه فتمكث السرايا يتعلمون ما أنزل الله على نبيهم بعدهم وتبعث سرايا أخر، فذلك قوله ليتفقهوا في الدين. وقال الحسن: المعنى فهلا نفر من كل فرقة منهم طائفة ليتفقهوا في الدين، أي ليتفقه الذين خرجوا بما