Al-Muqaddimāt al-Mumahhidāt - Ibn Rush al-Jadd - (1/345)

Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

and the words of the Most High:

“Pardon them and overlook their misdeeds.” [al-Mā’idah: 13]

“There is no compulsion in religion.” [al-Baqarah: 256]

And other similar verses. When he—peace and blessings be upon him—emigrated to Medina, Allah Most High permitted him and the believers to fight those who fought them, and commanded them to refrain from fighting those who did not fight them. He Most High said:

“Permission to fight is given to those who are being fought, because they have been wronged. Indeed, Allah is fully capable of granting them victory.” [al-Hajj: 39]

He Most High also said:

“But if they fight you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers.” [al-Baqarah: 191]

“If they withdraw from you, do not fight you, and offer you peace, then Allah has given you no grounds to act against them.” [al-Nisā’: 90]

This was the practice of the Messenger of Allah—peace and blessings be upon him—and the Muslims from the time he emigrated to Medina until Sūrat Barā’ah was revealed, after eight years had elapsed since the emigration. In it, Allah Most High commanded him to fight all the polytheists among the People of the Book until they paid the jizyah by hand, humbled. He Most High said:

“Fight those among the People of the Book who do not believe in Allah or the Last Day, do not forbid what Allah and His Messenger have forbidden, and do not follow the religion of truth, until they pay the jizyah by hand, humbled.” [al-Tawbah: 29]

Regarding the Magians, he—peace and blessings be upon him—said: “Treat them as you treat the People of the Book.”

An exception was made for anyone who had a treaty with the Prophet—peace and blessings be upon him—for Allah maintained it for him until its appointed term. He Most High said:

“Except those polytheists with whom you have made a treaty, who have not failed you in any respect or supported anyone against you: fulfill your treaty with them until its appointed term. Indeed, Allah loves the righteous.” [al-Tawbah: 4]

وقَوْله تَعَالَى: ﴿فَاعْفُ عَنْهُمْ وَاصْفَحْ﴾ [المائدة: ١٣]، وقَوْله تَعَالَى: ﴿لا إِكْرَاهَ فِي الدِّينِ﴾ [البقرة: ٢٥٦]، وما أشبه ذلك من الآيات. فلما هاجر ﷺ إلى المدينة أذن الله تعالى له وللمؤمنين بقتال من قاتلهم وأمرهم بالكف عمن لم يقاتلهم، فقال تعالى: ﴿أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ يُقَاتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُوا وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى نَصْرِهِمْ لَقَدِيرٌ﴾ [الحج: ٣٩]، وقال تعالى: ﴿فَإِنْ قَاتَلُوكُمْ فَاقْتُلُوهُمْ كَذَلِكَ جَزَاءُ الْكَافِرِينَ﴾ [البقرة: ١٩١]، وقال تعالى: ﴿فَإِنِ اعْتَزَلُوكُمْ فَلَمْ يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ وَأَلْقَوْا إِلَيْكُمُ السَّلَمَ فَمَا جَعَلَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ سَبِيلا﴾ [النساء: ٩٠] فكانت هذه سيرة رسول الله ﷺ والمسلمين منذ هاجر إلى المدينة إلى أن نزلت سورة براءة وذلك بعد ثمان من الهجرة فأمره الله تعالى فيها بقتال جميع المشركين من أهل الكتاب حتى يعطوا الجزية عن يد وهم صاغرون، فقال تعالى: ﴿قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَلا بِالْيَوْمِ الآخِرِ وَلا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ﴾ [التوبة: ٢٩]، وقال ﷺ في المجوس: «سنوا بهم سنة أهل الكتاب»، إلا من كان له عهد عند النبي ﵊ فإن الله أتمه له إلى مدته فقال تعالى: ﴿إِلا الَّذِينَ عَاهَدْتُمْ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ ثُمَّ لَمْ يَنْقُصُوكُمْ شَيْئًا وَلَمْ يُظَاهِرُوا عَلَيْكُمْ أَحَدًا فَأَتِمُّوا إِلَيْهِمْ عَهْدَهُمْ إِلَى مُدَّتِهِمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُحِبُّ الْمُتَّقِينَ﴾ [التوبة: ٤].