zakat year. In my view, these differing opinions apply only where the loss occasioned by their wrongful use entitles the owner to demand compensation for their value. But if the animals themselves have perished, there is no disagreement that he begins a new zakat year for the sheep and goats he receives in compensation for their value. If the original animals remain in the usurperโs possession, without any circumstance constituting their loss, he pays zakat on the replacement animals according to the zakat year of the original ones, without disagreement, since this is exactly like an exchange. Allah grants success.
Section
Debt does not cancel zakat on any zakatable wealth other than monetary wealth. The evidence is that Allah, exalted is He, says:
โTake charity from their wealth to purify and cleanse them thereby.โ [al-Tawba: 103]
He also says:
โEat of its fruit when it bears fruit, and give its due on the day of harvest.โ [al-Anโฤm: 141]
These statements are general: they make no distinction, for any kind of wealth, between those who owe debts and those who do not. A general statement may, however, admit exceptions. The scholars therefore excluded indebted owners of monetary wealth from this ruling, on the basis of the Companionsโ consensus. Evidence for this is the report that โUthmฤn ibn โAffฤn used to call out to the people: โPeople, this is the month for paying your zakat. Whoever owes a debt should repay it, so that your remaining wealth may be determined and you may pay zakat on it.โ All other wealth remains subject to the general ruling.
Thus, debt does not cancel zakat on crops or livestock, nor, according to the soundest opinion, zakat al-fitr paid on behalf of slaves. This is the opinion Ibn Wahb transmitted from Mฤlik, contrary to the apparent meaning of al-Mudawwana and the explicit wording of Ibn al-Mawwฤzโs book. Various distinctions based on substantive reasoning have also been drawn between monetary wealth and other wealth concerning the requirement to deduct debts. These distinctions are not free from objection, although they may have formed the basis of the consensus. Allah grants success.
Section
On Zakat al-Fitr
The majority of scholars agree that zakat al-fitr is obligatory, but they differ over whether it is obligatory