and performs it, then remembers the noon prayer after its closing salutation. He must then perform the noon prayer he has remembered, but need not repeat the afternoon prayer. Had enough time remained to perform the afternoon prayer, or one rak‘ah of it, repeating it would have been recommended. It has also been said that if he does not repeat it within its prescribed time, he should repeat it after that time has ended. This, too, reinforces the recommendation.

An objection may be raised: Mālik is reported to have said that if a menstruating woman becomes pure with enough time remaining for five rak‘ahs, but thinks that only enough time for four remains, then performs the afternoon prayer and finds that one rak‘ah’s worth of daylight remains, she must perform the noon prayer and then repeat the afternoon prayer after sunset. Yet she is like someone who has forgotten, since she did not know that the noon prayer was obligatory upon her.

There are two answers to this. The first is Ibn al-Mawwāz’s explanation: this means that she realized, before the closing salutation of her afternoon prayer, that there was enough time for both prayers. Her afternoon prayer was therefore invalidated, as in the case of someone who remembers a prayer while performing another.

The second answer is that she was required to repeat the afternoon prayer after its time only according to the view that the noon prayer has an exclusive period of four rak‘ahs beginning when the sun passes its zenith, which it does not share with the afternoon prayer. By performing the afternoon prayer during the period exclusive to the noon prayer, she was thus like someone who performs the noon prayer before the sun passes its zenith. This is because, for a menstruating woman, becoming pure near the end of the prayer time marks the beginning of her time, just as the sun’s passing its zenith does for someone who is not menstruating. Her case differs from that of someone who leaves the prayer until the end of its time.

An example involving missed prayers and a prayer currently due is someone who remembers the missed prayers only after performing the current prayer, and does not finish making up the missed prayers until the current prayer’s time has ended. He need not repeat the current prayer. An example involving missed prayers alone is someone who forgets the noon and afternoon prayers [or the dawn and afternoon prayers], then remembers the afternoon prayer and performs it. After completing it, he remembers the dawn or noon prayer and performs it. He need not repeat the afternoon prayer, and there is no disagreement about this.

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If someone fails to observe the sequence between prayers whose times are current, either deliberately or through ignorance of the correct procedure, he must repeat the second prayer even after its time has ended. For example, if he performs the afternoon prayer before the noon prayer while remembering that he has not performed the noon prayer, he must repeat the afternoon prayer. I know of no disagreement about this. As for failing to observe the sequence between