Al-Muqaddimāt al-Mumahhidāt - Ibn Rush al-Jadd - (3/423)

Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

incurred liabilities arising from unlawful dealings that exhaust the lawful wealth in his possession, there are four opinions concerning dealing with him, accepting his gifts, and eating his food:

The first is that none of this is permissible, even if the merchandise he gives away or the food he serves is known to have been purchased by him. If it is known that he inherited it or received it as a gift, it has the same ruling as what he purchased.

The second is that dealing and trading with him are permissible with respect to that wealth, the merchandise he has purchased, and whatever he has received as a gift or inherited, even if his outstanding liabilities exhaust it, provided the transaction is at fair value and involves no preferential concession. It is not permissible, however, to accept gifts or preferential concessions from him involving any of this.

The third is that trading with him is not permissible with respect to that wealth itself. If, however, he purchases merchandise with it, it is permissible to buy that merchandise from him or accept it as a gift. The same applies to whatever he has inherited or received as a gift, even if his outstanding liabilities exhaust it. This opinion is related from Ibn Sahnūn and Ibn Habīb. Likewise, whatever these officials purchase in the markets and then give someone as a gift is lawful for the recipient.

The fourth is that trading with him, accepting his gifts, and eating his food are permissible, whether this involves that wealth itself or whatever he has purchased, received as a gift, or inherited, even if his outstanding liabilities exhaust it. According to this opinion, that wealth may be inherited from him and becomes lawful for the heir through inheritance.

According to the opinion that trading with him with respect to that wealth, accepting his gifts, and eating his food are not permissible, there are two opinions on whether it becomes lawful for the heir through inheritance:

The first is that it becomes lawful for him through inheritance, but not through a gift. This is the position adopted by Sahnūn, as recorded among his case rulings in the miscellaneous section of al-ʿUtbiyya.

The second is that it does not become lawful for him through inheritance, just as it does not become lawful through a gift, and the heir is bound, with regard to

قد ترتب في ذمته من الحرام ما يستغرق ما بيده من الحلال، فاختلف في معاملته وقبول هبته وأكل طعامه على أربعة أقوال: أحدها: أن ذلك كله لا يجوز وإن كانت السلعة التي وهب أو الطعام الذي أطعم قد علم أنه اشتراه. وأما إن علم أنه ورثه أو وهب له فيكون حكمه حكم ما اشتراه. والثاني: أن معاملته ومبايعته تجوز في ذلك المال وفيما ابتاعه من السلع وفيما وهب له أو ورثه وإن كان عليه من التباعات ما يستغرقه إذا عامله بالقيمة ولم يحابه. ولا تجوز هبته في شيء من ذلك ولا محاباته فيه. والثالث: أن مبايعته لا تجوز في ذلك المال، فإن اشترى سلعة بذلك المال جاز أن يشترى منه وأن تقبل منه هبته. وكذلك ما ورثه أو وهب له وإن كان ما عليه من التباعات قد استغرقه، روي هذا القول عن ابن سحنون وابن حبيب. وكذلك هؤلاء العمال ما اشتروه في الأسواق فأهدوه لرجل طاب للمهدى له. والرابع: أن مبايعته وقبول هبته وأكل طعامه يجوز في ذلك المال وفيما اشتراه أو وهب له أو ورثه وإن كان عليه من التباعات قد استغرقه. فعلى هذا القول يجوز أن يورث عنه ذلك ويسوغ للوارث بالوراثة. واختلف على القول بأن مبايعته في ذلك المال وقبول هبته وأكل طعامه لا تجوز هل يسوغ للوارث بالوراثة أم لا على قولين: أحدهما: أن ذلك يسوغ له بالوراثة ولا يسوغ له بالهبة، وهو الذي ذهب إليه سحنون على ما وقع في نوازله من جامع العتبية. والثاني: إنه لا يسوغ له بالميراث كما لا يسوغ له بالهبة، ويلزم الوارث من