small and insignificant, it becomes of little account to him. He therefore renounces everything in it whose acquisition brings him no nearer to Allah: indulging in its food and drink; enjoying its possessions, such as clothing, mounts, and homes; delighting in its pleasing sounds and sights; and settling into a life of ease. Of all this, he takes only what sustains his life, or whatever beyond that he is encouraged to acquire, such as two garments for Friday prayer, and finer clothing when humbler dress would beguile him. For Allah, Mighty and Majestic, loves to see the effects of His blessings upon His servant, as stated in the hadith. The same applies to rest that helps one obey Allah, as related from Muʿādh ibn Jabal, who said to Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī: “As for me, I sleep during the first part of the night and rise in prayer during its latter part. I seek reward for my sleep just as I seek reward for my standing in prayer.” This, then, is asceticism concerning this world. As for abstaining from forbidden things that one is obliged to abandon, this is not called asceticism, nor is it given the designation “obedience,” although in reality it is both asceticism and obedience. For one renounces such things out of fear of punishment, whereas this is not the asceticism voluntarily undertaken in hope of abundant reward and the pleasure of the Most Merciful.
As for the ascetic, he is someone who regards this world as insignificant and whose heart has turned away from it because of its little worth in his eyes. He neither rejoices over anything worldly nor grieves at its loss. He takes from it only what he is commanded to take or what helps him obey his Lord. At the same time, his heart remains constantly occupied with remembering Allah Most High, remembering the Hereafter, and reflecting upon it. He turns from such occupation only to something of the same kind—remembrance of Allah or of the Hereafter—as circumstances require and in pursuit of nearness to Allah, not wealth for himself or relief through something easier that offers his soul diversion. This is the highest state of asceticism. Whoever reaches this degree remains in this world bodily, while his spirit and mind are in the Hereafter. He has overcome Satan’s whisperings and merited abundant reward and the good pleasure of Allah Most High.