Al-Muqaddimāt al-Mumahhidāt - Ibn Rush al-Jadd - (3/365)

Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

Section
[The Stages of His Call, Peace Be upon Him]

Allah initially sent him to call people to Islam, without commanding or permitting him to fight, and without authorizing him to levy jizya (tribute tax). He, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, continued in this manner for ten years—the period he spent in Mecca—or thirteen years. During that time Allah revealed:

“So proclaim what you are commanded, and turn away from the polytheists.” [al-Hijr: 94]

And His words:

“There is no compulsion in religion.” [al-Baqarah: 256]

And His words:

“So pardon them and overlook their misdeeds.” [al-Mā’idah: 13]

And other similar verses. When he emigrated to Medina, Allah Most High permitted him and the believers to fight those who fought them, and commanded them to refrain from fighting those who did not fight them. Allah Most High said:

“Permission to fight has been granted to those who are being fought, because they have been wronged. Indeed, Allah is fully able to grant them victory.” [al-Hajj: 39]

Allah Most High also said:

“But if they fight you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers.” [al-Baqarah: 191]

And Allah Most High said:

“So if they withdraw from you, do not fight you, and offer you peace, then Allah has given you no grounds to act against them.” [al-Nisā’: 90]

This was the practice of the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, from the time he emigrated to Medina until Surah Barā’ah was revealed, eight years after the Hijrah. Allah Most High then commanded fighting all the polytheists among the People of the Book until they paid the jizya willingly while humbled. He said:

“Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day” [al-Tawbah: 29],

through to His words:

“until they pay the jizya willingly while they are humbled.” [al-Tawbah: 29]

He, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said: “Follow the same practice with them as with the People of the Book.” An exception was anyone who had a treaty with the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace—

فصل [في مراحل دعوته ﵇] وكان أول ما بعثه الله به الدعاء إلى الإسلام من غير قتال أمره به ولا أذن له فيه، ولا جزية أحلها له، فأقام ﷺ على ذلك عشر سنين، وهي التي أقام بمكة، أو ثلاث عشرة سنة، وحينئذ أنزل الله: ﴿فَاصْدَعْ بِمَا تُؤْمَرُ وَأَعْرِضْ عَنِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ﴾ [الحجر: ٩٤] وقوله: ﴿لا إِكْرَاهَ فِي الدِّينِ﴾ [البقرة: ٢٥٦] وقوله: ﴿فَاعْفُ عَنْهُمْ وَاصْفَحْ﴾ [المائدة: ١٣] وما أشبه ذلك من الآيات. فلما هاجر إلى المدينة أذن الله تعالى له وللمؤمنين بقتال من قاتله، وأمرهم بالكف عمن لم يقاتلهم فقال تعالى: ﴿أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ يُقَاتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُوا وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى نَصْرِهِمْ لَقَدِيرٌ﴾ [الحج: ٣٩] وقال تعالى: ﴿فَإِنْ قَاتَلُوكُمْ فَاقْتُلُوهُمْ كَذَلِكَ جَزَاءُ الْكَافِرِينَ﴾ [البقرة: ١٩١] وقال تعالى: ﴿فَإِنِ اعْتَزَلُوكُمْ فَلَمْ يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ وَأَلْقَوْا إِلَيْكُمُ السَّلَمَ فَمَا جَعَلَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ سَبِيلا﴾ [النساء: ٩٠]. فكانت هذه سيرة رسول الله ﷺ منذ هاجر إلى المدينة إلى أن نزلت سورة براءة، وذلك بعد ثمان من الهجرة، فأمر الله تعالى بقتال جميع المشركين من أهل الكتاب حتى يعطوا الجزية عن يد وهم صاغرون، فقال: ﴿قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَلا بِالْيَوْمِ الآخِرِ﴾ [التوبة: ٢٩] إلى قوله ﴿حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ﴾ [التوبة: ٢٩] وقال ﷺ: «سنوا بهم سنة أهل الكتاب»، إلا من كان له عهد عند النبي ﷺ -