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Wounds may occur on the head or elsewhere on the body. Those on the head, as distinct from the rest of the body, are specifically called shijāj (head wounds). Every head wound is therefore a wound, but not every wound is a head wound.
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Allah’s words, Mighty and Majestic, “and for wounds, equal retaliation” [al-Mā’ida: 45], encompass wounds to the head and the rest of the body. However, this general wording does not encompass both intentional and accidental injuries; rather, intentional injuries alone are meant. This is established by the scholarly consensus that no retaliation is exacted for accidental injuries, in light of Allah’s words, Blessed and Exalted:
“Whoever kills a believer by mistake must free a believing slave and pay compensation to the deceased’s family, unless they waive it as charity.” [al-Nisā’: 92]
Thus, He prescribed compensation and expiation, not retaliation. Nor does the verse encompass all intentional wounds: it refers only to those for which equal retaliation is possible without fear of causing death. The evidence that retaliation is not exacted where it poses such a danger is the report that “the Messenger of Allah ﷺ ruled out retaliation for wounds reaching the membrane surrounding the brain, wounds displacing bone fragments, and wounds penetrating a body cavity.” The same applies to comparable life-threatening injuries: injuries to the bones of the neck, spine, and chest, a fractured thighbone, crushed testicles, and the like.
The reason no retaliation is exacted for injuries that cannot be precisely matched—such as partial loss of sight, hearing, or mental faculties—is that qisās (equal retaliation) is derived from following a track. It means inflicting on the assailant an injury matching the one he inflicted, exacting neither more nor less. When this cannot be done, the obligation no longer applies, for Allah, Mighty and Majestic, says:
“Allah does not burden a soul beyond its capacity.” [al-Baqara: 286]
Thus, all accidental wounds and some intentional wounds are excluded from the general scope of His words, Exalted is He, “and for wounds, equal retaliation” [al-Mā’ida: 45]. The verse remains operative for intentional wounds that can be precisely matched in retaliation without fear of causing death.