Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

The second opinion is that the oaths are not transferred to him and he does not swear, because his oath, if he swore, would be a gravely sinful false oath. According to this opinion, if he confesses, he is not put to death. This is the opinion of Ashhab, Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam and Asbagh.

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If, however, some of the next of kin decline to take the qasāma oaths, their numbers being equal, or a pardon for the killing is granted before those oaths are taken, there are three opinions:

The first, held by Ibn al-Qāsim and Ibn al-Mājishūn, is that both the right to retaliation and the right to blood money lapse. The remaining next of kin may not take the qasāma oaths and receive their shares of the blood money.

The second, held by Ashhab, is that the right to retaliation lapses, but the remaining next of kin swear and receive their shares of the blood money.

The third, held by Ibn Nāfi‘, is that if his refusal to swear constitutes a pardon and a relinquishment of his right, those remaining swear and are entitled to blood money. If, however, he declines out of religious scruple and caution, those remaining swear and exact retaliation.

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If one of the next of kin grants a pardon after the right to retaliation has been established through witness testimony or qasāma, or declares his own sworn claim false after qasāma, there are likewise three opinions:

The first is Ibn al-Mājishūn’s opinion: both the right to retaliation and the right to blood money lapse, and those remaining are entitled to neither blood money nor retaliation.

The second is that the remaining next of kin who have neither pardoned nor declared their own claims false are entitled to their shares of the blood money.

The third is that if he pardons, this suffices for those remaining to retain their shares. If, however, he declares his own sworn claim false, those remaining are entitled to no blood money; if they have already received it, they must return it. This is Ibn al-Qāsim’s position in al-Mudawwana and elsewhere. Success comes from Allah.

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Accordingly, there are three opinions concerning whether the right to blood money lapses when one of the next of kin grants a pardon for the killing:

والقول الثاني: أن الأيمان لا ترد عليه ولا يحلف لأن يمينه إن حلف يمين غموس، فعلى هذا القول إن أقر لم يقتل، وهو قول أشهب وابن عبد الحكم وأصبغ. فصل وأما إن نكل بعض الولاة وهم في العدد سواء عن القسامة أو عفي عن الدم قبلها ففي ذلك ثلاثة أقوال: أحدها: وهو قول ابن القاسم وابن الماجشون، أن الدم والدية يبطلان ولا يكون لمن بقي من الأولياء أن يقسم ويأخذ حظه من الدية. والثاني: وهو قول أشهب، أن الدم يبطل ويحلف من بقي من الأولياء فيأخذ حظه من الدية. والثالث: وهو قول ابن نافع، أن نكوله إن كان على وجه العفو والترك لحقه حلف من بقي وكانت له الدية، وإن كان على وجه التحرج والتورع حلف من بقي وقتلوا. فصل وأما إن عفا أحد الأولياء عن الدم بعد ثبوته بالبينة أو بالقسامة أو أكذب نفسه بعد القسامة ففي ذلك أيضا ثلاثة أقوال: أحدها: قول ابن الماجشون أن الدم والدية تبطلان ولا يكون لمن بقي شيء من دية ولا قصاص. والثاني: أن لمن بقي من الأولياء لم يعف ولا أكذب نفسه حظه من الدية. والثالث: أنه إن عفا كان كاف لمن بقي حظوظهم، وإن أكذب نفسه لم يكن لمن بقي شيء من الدية وإن كانوا قد قبضوها ردوها. هذا مذهب ابن القاسم في المدونة وغيرها، وبالله التوفيق. فصل فيأتي على هذا في بطلان الدية بعفو أحد الأولياء عن الدم ثلاثة أقوال:

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