Al-Muqaddimāt al-Mumahhidāt - Ibn Rush al-Jadd - (3/280)

Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

the Sunnah. We shall mention these conditions in their proper place, if Allah wills. Allah, mighty and majestic, says:

“Whoever is killed unjustly, We have granted his heir authority, but let him not exceed the bounds in killing, for he is indeed supported.” [al-Isrā’: 33]

And He, exalted is He, says:

“In retaliation there is life for you.” [al-Baqarah: 179]

This means that when a would-be killer knows that he will be put to death in retaliation if he kills, he refrains from killing, and both remain alive. It has also been said that it means that when a killer is put to death in retaliation, people desist from killing, thereby preserving their lives.

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Among the conditions for the valid application of retaliation according to the school of Mālik, may Allah have mercy on him, is that the victim must not be of a lower status than the killer through lacking freedom or Islam. Thus, a free man is put to death for killing a free man, a free woman for killing a free woman, a free woman for killing a free man, and a free man for killing a free woman; a male slave for killing a male slave, a female slave for killing a female slave, a male slave for killing a female slave, and a female slave for killing a male slave; a disbelieving man for killing a disbelieving man, a disbelieving woman for killing a disbelieving woman, a disbelieving man for killing a disbelieving woman, and a disbelieving woman for killing a disbelieving man; a disbelieving male slave for killing a disbelieving male slave, a disbelieving female slave for killing a disbelieving female slave, a disbelieving male slave for killing a disbelieving female slave, and a disbelieving female slave for killing a disbelieving male slave.

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A slave is put to death for killing a free person. For if a free person is put to death for killing another free person because they are equal in freedom, then a slave is all the more liable to be put to death for killing a free person, owing to the superior status conferred by freedom. A disbeliever is put to death for killing a Muslim. For if a Muslim is put to death for killing another Muslim because they are equal in the status conferred by Islam, then a disbeliever is all the more liable to be put to death for killing a Muslim, owing to the superior status conferred by Islam.

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Neither a free man nor a free woman is put to death for killing a male or female slave, because Allah, mighty and majestic, says:

“O you who believe, retaliation is prescribed for you in cases of killing: the free for the free, and the slave for the slave.” [al-Baqarah: 178]

السنة، وسنذكرها في موضعها إن شاء الله تعالى. قال الله ﷿: ﴿وَمَنْ قُتِلَ مَظْلُومًا فَقَدْ جَعَلْنَا لِوَلِيِّهِ سُلْطَانًا فَلا يُسْرِفْ فِي الْقَتْلِ إِنَّهُ كَانَ مَنْصُورًا﴾ [الإسراء: ٣٣] وقال تعالى: ﴿وَلَكُمْ فِي الْقِصَاصِ حَيَاةٌ﴾ [البقرة: ١٧٩]، معناه أن القاتل إذا علم أنه يقتص منه إن قتل أمسك عن القتل فحييا جميعا. وقيل إن معناه أن القاتل إذا اقتص منه تناهى الناس عن القتل فكان سببا لحياتهم. فصل فمن شرائط صحة القصاص على مذهب مالك ﵀ ألا يكون المقتول ناقصا عن مرتبة القاتل بعدم حرية أو إسلام، فيقتل الحر بالحر والحرة بالحرة والحرة بالحر والحر بالحرة، والعبد بالعبد والأمة بالأمة والعبد بالأمة والأمة بالعبد، والكافر بالكافر والكافرة بالكافرة والكافر بالكافرة والكافرة بالكافر، والعبد الكافر بالعبد الكافر والأمة الكافرة بالأمة الكافرة والعبد الكافر بالأمة الكافرة والأمة الكافرة بالعبد الكافر. فصل ويقتل العبد بالحر لأن الحر إذا كان يقتل بالحر لاستوائهما في الحرية فالعبد أولى أن يقتل به لمزية الحرية. ويقتل الكافر بالمسلم لأن المسلم إذا كان يقتل بالمسلم لاستوائهما في مرتبة الإسلام فالكافر أولى أن يقتل به لمزية الإسلام. فصل ولا يقتل الحر ولا الحرة بالعبد ولا بالأمة لقول الله ﷿: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْقِصَاصُ فِي الْقَتْلَى الْحُرُّ بِالْحُرِّ وَالْعَبْدُ بِالْعَبْدِ﴾ [البقرة: ١٧٨]