until he regains his sanity.” The scholars unanimously agree that a child and an insane person who lacks understanding are not accountable for prayer or any other religious obligation. As for the commencement of the prayer time, the evidence that this is a condition for prayer to become obligatory is the scholarly consensus that a prayer offered before its time begins does not discharge the obligation. No Muslim disputes that a prayer is not obligatory upon anyone before its time begins. Before that, however, one must believe that it becomes obligatory when its time begins.
Section
Defining the Prayer Times Precisely
The time for Zuhr begins when the sun passes the meridian. Its recommended time ends when an object’s shadow equals its height, in addition to the shadow it had at noon. The time for ‘Asr begins when an object’s shadow equals its height, in addition to its noon shadow. Its recommended time ends when an object’s shadow equals twice its height. In cases of necessity, the time for both Zuhr and ‘Asr extends until sunset.
When there is a valid excuse, ‘Asr shares Zuhr’s recommended time from the moment the sun passes the meridian. It has also been said that an initial period sufficient for four units of prayer belongs exclusively to Zuhr, and that ‘Asr does not share it. Likewise, when there is a valid excuse, Zuhr shares ‘Asr’s recommended time until the shadow reaches twice the object’s height.
There are two opinions on whether ‘Asr shares Zuhr’s recommended time when the shadow reaches one full height. Ibn Habīb held that it does not: Zuhr’s time ends when the shadow reaches one full height, and ‘Asr’s time begins as it starts to extend into the second height, allowing just enough time to conclude Zuhr with the salutation and begin ‘Asr, with no interval between the two times. This is also al-Shāfi‘ī’s position. It has been claimed that his position is that there is an interval between the two times, however brief, which is not part of the preferred time for either Zuhr or ‘Asr. This attribution to him is incorrect.