Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

from its secure custody in a manner that genuinely constitutes removal, even if he does not carry this out himself, as will be explained in their discussions of particular cases. The second is that its value at that time must reach the minimum prescribed for amputation.

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The conditions required for amputation are thus twelve in all. Some are agreed upon, while others are disputed. They include secure custody and the prescribed minimum value.

Mālik, al-Shāfiʿī, Abū Hanīfa, their followers, and the majority of jurists consider secure custody a requirement. The literalists disagree, maintaining that anyone who steals a quarter of a dinar or its equivalent is subject to amputation, whether he steals it from secure custody or otherwise, provided he takes it from an owner’s property without having been entrusted with it. They argue that Allah commanded the amputation of the thief’s hand in general terms, and that the Prophet—peace be upon him—specified the amount warranting amputation but did not stipulate secure custody. This is incorrect. The Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—expressly stipulated secure custody, saying:

“There is no amputation for fruit hanging on trees or livestock grazing on a mountain. Once the livestock have been brought into the enclosure or the fruit onto the drying floor, amputation applies if what is stolen reaches the value of a shield.”

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Allah’s Book also provides evidence that secure custody is a requirement for cutting off a thief’s hand. Allah Most High commanded that it is the thief’s hand that should be cut off, saying:

“As for the thief, male or female, cut off their hands as punishment for what they have done, as a deterrent from Allah. And Allah is Almighty, All-Wise.” [Al-Māʾidah: 38]

The word for theft is derived from taking something by stealth. A man is therefore a thief only when he takes something concealed from him and secured against him, doing so stealthily, unseen by others and by its owners. As for property left without secure custody or entrusted to him, someone who takes it is not stealing it by stealth; rather, he is snatching it or betraying its owner’s trust.

المسروق من حرزه على صفة تسمى إخراجا على الحقيقة وإن لم يباشر ذلك لنفسه على ما يأتي في مسائلهم. والثاني أن تكون قيمته يومئذ ما يجب فيه القطع. فصل فجميع الأوصاف المشترطة في وجوب القطع اثنا عشر وصفا، منها ما يتفق عليها ومنها ما يختلف فيه. منها الحرز والنصاب. فأما الحرز فاعتبره مالك والشافعي وأبو حنيفة وأصحابهم وعامة الفقهاء خلافا لأهل الظاهر في قولهم: إن من سرق ربع دينار أو قيمته فعليه القطع سرقه من حرز أو من غير حرز إذا أخذه من ملك مالك لم يأتمنه عليه، لأن الله أمر بقطع يد السارق عموما، فبين النبي- ﵇ المقدار الذي يقطع فيه ولم يبين الحرز. وليس ذلك بصحيح بل قد نص النبي- ﷺ على اعتبار الحرز فقال: «لا قطع في ثمر معلق ولا في حريسة جبل فإذا أواه المراح أو الجرين فالقطع فيما يبلغ ثمن المجن». فصل والدليل قائم من كتاب الله ﷿ أيضا على اعتبار الحرز في وجوب قطع يد السارق، وذلك أن الله تعالى إنما أمر بقطع يد السارق فقال: ﴿وَالسَّارِقُ وَالسَّارِقَةُ فَاقْطَعُوا أَيْدِيَهُمَا جَزَاءً بِمَا كَسَبَا نَكَالا مِنَ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ﴾ [المائدة: ٣٨]. والسرقة مأخوذة من المسارقة، فلا يكون الرجل سارقا إلا فيما أخذ مما أخفي عنه وأحرز دونه مسارقة عن العيون وعن أهله. وأما ما أهمل بغير حرز أو اؤتمن عليه فليس أخذه مسارقا له وإنما هو مختلس له أو خائن لصاحبه فيه.

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