Al-Muqaddimāt al-Mumahhidāt - Ibn Rush al-Jadd - (3/194)

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There are two kinds of slaves pledged to manumission upon their masters’ death: those pledged while their masters are healthy, and those pledged during illness. According to Mālik’s position, both are freed from the disposable third of the estate. However, if that third is insufficient for both, priority is given to the slave pledged during health over the one pledged during illness. For a slave pledged during health, both known and unknown assets are taken into account. There is disagreement concerning a slave pledged during illness: one view includes both known and unknown assets, while another includes only known assets.

If the master of such a slave dies and the third of his estate cannot cover the slave’s entire value, the proportion covered by that third is freed, while the remainder belongs to the heirs. The slave is not required to earn the money to purchase his remaining freedom, contrary to Abū Hanīfa’s position. If the master leaves no property other than the slave, one-third of him is freed. If the master owes a debt equal to or exceeding the slave’s value, the slave is sold to settle it. If the debt is less than his value, a share of him sufficient to cover the debt is sold, and one-third of the remainder is freed. Abū Hanīfa said that the slave is not sold to settle the debt; rather, he must work to pay the creditors, and once he has paid what is owed to them, he becomes free. ‘Abd al-Wahhāb mentions this in al-Ma‘ūna.

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A man may have intercourse with his female slave whom he has pledged to manumission upon his death, because this does not diminish her entitlement to manumission but instead reinforces it: she may conceive and become a slave woman who has borne her master a child, a status stronger than a pledge of manumission upon death. This differs from a female slave under a contractual manumission agreement, since she may secure her freedom sooner by making payment, and he has no right to undermine that prospect for her.

He may also employ the services of his female slave pledged to manumission upon his death and hire her out. This differs from a slave woman who has borne her master a child, for his only entitlement in her during his lifetime is enjoyment through intercourse. By bearing his child, she has acquired an entitlement to freedom that neither debt nor anything else can nullify.

Success comes through Allah, who has no partner.

فصل والمدبر على وجهين: مدبر في الصحة. ومدبر في المرض. وهما جميعا- على مذهب مالك - من الثلث، إلا أنه يُبَدِّئ مدبر الصحة على مدبر المرض إذا ضاق الثلث عنهما، ويدخل المدبر في الصحة فيما علم وفيما لم يعلم من المال. واختلف في مدبر المرض فقيل: إنه يدخل فيما علم وفيما لم يعلم، وقيل: إنه لا يدخل إلا فيما علم. وإذا مات سيد المدبر ولم يحمل ثلثه المدبر عتق منه ما حمل الثلث وكان باقيه للورثة ولم يجب عليه السعي في افتكاك رقبته كما يقوله أبو حنيفة في ذلك. وإن لم يكن له مال غيره عتق ثلثه، وإن كان عليه دين بيع فيه إن أحاط الدين به، وإن لم يحط به بيع منه قدر الدين وأعتق منه ثلث باقيه. وقال أبو حنيفة: إنه لا يباع في الدين ويسعى فيه للغرماء فإذا أدى ما لهم خرج حرا، ذكر ذلك عبد الوهاب في المعونة. فصل وللرجل أن يطأ مدبرته لأن ذلك لا ينقص تدبيرها بل يؤكده، لأنها قد تحمل فتكون أم ولد وهو أقوى من التدبير، بخلاف المكاتبة لأنها تستعجل العتق بالأداء فليس له أن ينقض ذلك عليها. وله أن يستخدم مدبرته ويؤاجرها بخلاف أم الولد إذ ليس له فيها إلا الاستمتاع بالوطء طول حياته، وقد ثبتت لها حرية بالإيلاد لا يبطلها دين ولا غيره. وبالله التوفيق ولا شريك له.