Al-Muqaddimāt al-Mumahhidāt - Ibn Rush al-Jadd - (3/160)

and mentioned no disagreement on this point. The apparent meaning of the passage in al-Mudawwana, however, contradicts it. As for a declaration of insolvency, there is no disagreement that it precludes both charging him with his co-owner’s share at its assessed value and completing the emancipation of his own slave.

If, however, a man during illness emancipates part of a slave he owns outright, or his share of a jointly owned slave, they agree that all of it—both the part he emancipated and the remainder—is charged against one-third of his estate if he dies of that illness without recovering. They disagree, however, over whether the matter should be considered during his illness or deferred until his death. There are three opinions:

The first is that the matter is considered during his illness: if he owns the entire slave, the slave is fully emancipated against one-third of his estate; if he has a co-owner, he is charged with the equivalent of his co-owner’s share at its assessed value.

The second is that the matter is not considered until after his death.

The third distinguishes between whether or not he has secure assets. If he has secure assets, the entire slave is emancipated during his illness if he owns him outright; if he has a co-owner, his co-owner’s share is charged to him at its assessed value. If he has no secure assets, the matter is not considered until after his death. This is one of Mālik’s two opinions in al-Mudawwana. Ibn al-Mājishūn held that, if a man emancipates his share of a slave during illness, his co-owner’s share is not charged to him at its assessed value, either during his illness or after his death, if he dies of that illness without recovering. This differs from the case in which he owns the entire slave and emancipates part of him. Success comes from Allah, and His help is sought.

Section

Emancipation falls into three categories according to when it takes effect:

The first is emancipation during health.

The second is emancipation during illness.

The third is emancipation after death.

ولم يذكر فيه اختلافا. وظاهر ما في المدونة يخالفه وأما التفليس فلا اختلاف في أنه يسقط التقويم والتتميم. وأما إن أعتق الرجل شقصا من عبده أو شقصه من عبد بينه وبين شريكه في المرض فلا خلاف بينهم في أن ذلك كله يكون من الثلث ما أعتق منه وما بقي إن مات من ذلك المرض ولم يصح منه. واختلف هل ينظر في ذلك في حال المرض أو يؤخر النظر فيه حتى يموت على ثلاثة أقوال: أحدها: أنه ينظر في ذلك في حال المرض فيعتق جميع العبد في الثلث إن كان له، ويقوم عليه كحظ شريكه فيه إن كان له فيه شريك. والثاني: أنه لا ينظر في ذلك إلا بعد الموت. والثالث: الفرق بين أن يكون له مال مأمون أو لا يكون له مال مأمون، فإن كان له مال مأمون عتق عليه في المرض جميعه إن كان له، وقوم عليه فيه حظ شريكه إن كان له فيه شريك. وإن لم يكن له مال مأمون لم ينظر في ذلك إلا بعد الموت وهو أحد قولي مالك في المدونة. وذهب ابن الماجشون إلى أنه إذا أعتق شقصا له من عبد في مرضه لم يقوم عليه حظ شريكه في المرض ولا بعد الموت إن مات من مرضه ذلك ولم يصح، بخلاف إذا كان العبد كله له فأعتق بعضه، وبالله التوفيق. وهو المستعان. فصل وحال إيقاع العتق ينقسم على ثلاثة أقسام: أحدها: العتق في الصحة. والثاني: العتق في المرض. والثالث: العتق بعد الموت.