if they are all male. If they are all female, they receive their prescribed shares in full alongside the other heirs entitled to prescribed shares, unless these are proportionally reduced because the total prescribed shares exceed the estate.

In the absence of sons, sons’ children take the place of direct children: their males are treated like sons, and their females like daughters. They inherit and exclude other heirs in the same way. Sons’ children, whether male or female, receive nothing when a son is present. Alongside a daughter or daughters, they receive whatever remains after the prescribed shares, divided equally if they are all male, or with each male receiving the share of two females if they comprise both males and females. If they are all female, they receive nothing alongside two or more daughters, unless a son’s son is present with them, or at the same degree of descent as them. In that case, they share the remainder with him, each male receiving the share of two females. Alongside a single daughter, they receive one-sixth, completing the two-thirds. Sons’ daughters at a lower degree receive nothing unless a son’s son is present at their degree or further down, in which case they share the remainder with him, each male receiving the share of two females.

Chapter: The Inheritance of Parents

When the father is the sole heir, he receives the entire estate. Alongside sons, he receives one-sixth as a prescribed share. Alongside heirs entitled to prescribed shares, he receives whatever remains after their shares, if the remainder is one-sixth or more. If less remains, his share is not reduced below one-sixth except through proportional reduction.

The mother receives one-third as a prescribed share if there is no child and fewer than two siblings, whether full siblings, paternal half-siblings, or maternal half-siblings. Her share is neither increased nor reduced, except through proportional reduction. If the deceased leaves a child or a son’s child, whether male or female, or two or more siblings, whether those siblings inherit or are excluded, she receives one-sixth as a prescribed share. This is neither increased nor reduced, except through proportional reduction. These are the rules governing the mother’s share, except in the two cases known as al-Gharrāwayn: a wife and both parents, or a husband and both parents. In these two cases, she receives one-third of what remains after the husband’s or wife’s prescribed share.

Chapter: The Inheritance of Grandmothers

A single grandmother, whether paternal or maternal, receives one-sixth when she is the only grandmother. If both are present, they divide the one-sixth equally. If the maternal grandmother is nearer in degree, the one-sixth belongs to her