Al-Muqaddimāt al-Mumahhidāt - Ibn Rush al-Jadd - (3/131)

Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

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On the basis of this verse, the scholars of Iraq granted inheritance to paternal aunts, maternal aunts, and other blood relatives, giving them precedence over heirs by patronage. This is not correct, for the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, explained Allah’s intended meaning in this verse of His Book when he said: “Whatever remains after the prescribed shares goes to the nearest male agnatic heir.”

The bond of kinship is also mentioned in the Quran. Allah, Mighty and Majestic, says:

“For everyone, We have appointed heirs to what parents and close relatives leave.” [Al-Nisā’: 33]

Allah Most High also relates the words of Zechariah, peace be upon him:

“I fear my relatives after me, and my wife is barren.” [Maryam: 5]

He means: I fear that my paternal cousins and agnatic relatives will inherit from me after my death.

“So grant me, from Yourself, an heir” [Maryam: 5], “who will inherit from me and inherit from the family of Jacob.” [Maryam: 6]

That is, a son who would be an heir and a helper, inheriting my wealth and inheriting prophethood from the family of Jacob. Zechariah was a descendant of Jacob, and Allah therefore granted him John. It is reported that whenever the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, recited this verse, he would say: “May Allah have mercy on my brother Zechariah! What would it have mattered to him who inherited his wealth? And may Allah have mercy on my brother Lot! He certainly had a mighty support to turn to.”

As for patronage arising through manumission, in the view of the scholars it establishes a right to inherit in the absence of heirs by blood, by virtue of the grant of manumission and the favor thereby conferred. Allah, Mighty and Majestic, says:

“Then either release them graciously or for ransom, until the war lays down its burdens.” [Muhammad: 4]

Gracious release means emancipation. Allah, Glorified be He, also says:

“And when you said to the one whom Allah had blessed and whom you had blessed, ‘Keep your wife.’” [Al-Ahzāb: 37]

He means: Allah blessed him with Islam

فصل وورث أهل العراق بهذه الآية العمة والخالة وسائر ذوي الأرحام وجعلوهم أحق بالميراث من الموالي. وهذا ليس بصحيح لأن رسول الله ﷺ قد بين مراد الله في كتابه في هذه الآية. فقال: «فما أبقت الفرائض فلأولى عصبة ذكر». وأما ولاية النسب فموجودة أيضا في القرآن. قال الله ﷿: ﴿وَلِكُلٍّ جَعَلْنَا مَوَالِيَ مِمَّا تَرَكَ الْوَالِدَانِ وَالأَقْرَبُونَ﴾ [النساء: ٣٣] وقال تعالى حاكيا عن زكرياء ﵇: ﴿وَإِنِّي خِفْتُ الْمَوَالِيَ مِنْ وَرَائِي وَكَانَتِ امْرَأَتِي عَاقِرًا﴾ [مريم: ٥]- يقول وإني خفت بني عمي وعصبتي من بعدي أن يرثوني- ﴿فَهَبْ لِي مِنْ لَدُنْكَ وَلِيًّا﴾ [مريم: ٥] ﴿يَرِثُنِي وَيَرِثُ مِنْ آلِ يَعْقُوبَ﴾ [مريم: ٦] أي ولدا وارثا معينا يرث مالي ويرث من آل يعقوب النبوة. وذلك أن زكرياء كان من ولد يعقوب فوهب الله له يحيى. روي «أن رسول الله ﷺ كان إذا قرأ هذه الآية قال: يرحم الله أخي زكرياء وما كان عليه من ورث ماله، ويرحم الله أخي لوطا إن كان ليأوي إلى ركن شديد». وأما ولاية العتق فإنها توجب الميراث عند انقطاع النسب بحق الإفعام بالعتق والمن به عند جماعة العلماء. قال الله ﷿: ﴿فَإِمَّا مَنًّا بَعْدُ وَإِمَّا فِدَاءً حَتَّى تَضَعَ الْحَرْبُ أَوْزَارَهَا﴾ [محمد: ٤] والمن العتاقة. وقال ﵎: ﴿وَإِذْ تَقُولُ لِلَّذِي أَنْعَمَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَأَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِ أَمْسِكْ عَلَيْكَ زَوْجَكَ﴾ [الأحزاب: ٣٧] يريد أنعم الله عليه بالإسلام