In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Bestower of Mercy. May Allah bless Muhammad, his family, and his Companions, and grant them peace.

Book of Clientage and Inheritance

Section on the Order and Categories of Affiliation and Their Legal Effects

Affiliation is of five kinds:

First: affiliation through Islam and faith.
Second: affiliation through pacts and oaths.
Third: affiliation through migration.
Fourth: affiliation through kinship.
Fifth: affiliation through manumission.

As for affiliation through Islam and faith, Allah has expressly stated it in the clear verses of the Quran. He, Most High, says:

“The believers, men and women, are allies of one another.” [Al-Tawbah: 71]

However, this is a general affiliation, and inheritance arises from it only in the absence of kinship and clientage. Yet it is a condition for valid inheritance through either of these two ties—namely, kinship and clientage—as the Messenger of Allah—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—said: “A Muslim does not inherit from a disbeliever, nor