Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

death once the agent learns of it, with respect to both him and anyone dealing with him; in the case of dismissal, it terminates upon dismissal itself, even if neither has learned of it. And Allah grants success.

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All these interpretations are open to objection. The correct view is that three opinions can be derived concerning this question, as I explained earlier. This disagreement stems from the disagreement among scholars of legal theory concerning someone who knows a ruling that is subsequently abrogated, but news of its abrogation does not reach him: does the ruling cease to apply to him as soon as it is abrogated, even if he has not learned of this, or only once he learns of it?

They said that Mālik’s position indicates that the ruling ceases to apply to him as soon as it is abrogated, even if he has not learned of this. They inferred his position from his statement concerning a woman whose husband dies or divorces her: her waiting period begins on the day the separation or death occurs, not on the day the news reaches her. They also cited his statement that an agent whose principal dies or dismisses him is dismissed even if he is unaware of it.

Abū Hanīfah’s followers said that the ruling does not cease to apply to him until he learns of its abrogation. Al-Shāfiʿī’s followers disagreed: some adopted Mālik’s position, while others adopted that of the Iraqi scholars. Our scholars supported the position they inferred from Mālik’s school by arguing that Allah Most High’s ruling has become established, and a person’s ignorance of it does not relieve him of the obligation to comply with it. At most, he may be excused for his ignorance.

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According to this interpretation, the disagreement concerning an agent’s acts, transactions, and collection of debts after his dismissal or his principal’s death, and concerning what a woman spends after her husband’s death or his divorcing her, before she learns of it, arises solely from disagreement over whether ignorance constitutes an excuse and whether negligence in giving notice is taken into account.

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Agency is permissible with or without remuneration. If remunerated, it is a contract of hire binding on both parties, and is valid only with a specified fee, a fixed term, and clearly defined work. If, however,

الموت بمعرفة الوكيل في حقه وحق من عامله، وفي العزل بنفس العزل وإن لم يصل العلم بذلك إلى واحد منهما. وبالله التوفيق. فصل وهذا كله لا يسلم من الاعتراض. والصحيح أن المسألة تتخرج فيها ثلاثة أقوال كما قدمت. والأصل في هذا الاختلاف اختلاف الأصوليين فيمن علم بالحكم ثم نسخ ولم يبلغه النسخ هل يكون الحكم منسوخا عنه بورود النسخ فيه وإن لم يبلغه، أو لا يكون منسوخا عنه إلا ببلوغه إليه فقالوا: إن الذي يدل عليه مذهب مالك أن الحكم منسوخ عنه بورود النسخ فيه وإن لم يبلغه. واستدلوا على مذهبه في ذلك بقوله في المرأة يموت عنها زوجها أو يطلقها: إن عدتها من يوم وقع الفراق أو الموت لا من يوم يأتيها الخبر وبقوله في الوكيل يموت موكله أو يعمل أنه معزول وإن لم يعلم. وقال أصحاب أبي حنيفة لا يكون الحكم منسوخا عنه حتى يعلم به. واختلف أصحاب الشافعي في ذلك فقال بعضهم بقول مالك وقال بعضهم بقول العراقيين واستدل أصحابنا على صحة ما دلهم عليه مذهب مالك بأن حكم الله تعالى قد استقر، وخفاؤه على من خفي عليه لا يخرجه من أن يكون متعبدا به، وأكثر ما في بابه أن يكون معذورا بجهله به. فصل فعلى هذا التأويل لا يكون الاختلاف الحاصل في أفعال الوكيل ومبايعته واقتضائه بعد عزله أو موت موكله، وما أنفقت المرأة بعد موت زوجها أو طلاقه قبل أن تعلم بذلك إلا من جهة الاختلاف في العذر بالجهل ومراعاة التفريط بالإعلام. فصل والوكالة جائزة بعوض وعلى غير عوض. فإن كانت بعوض فهي إجارة تلزمهما جميعا، ولا تجوز إلا بأجرة مسماة وأجل مضروب وعمل معروف. وإن

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