in it. It is called mufāwada because the two partners share equally in profit and liability and both engage in giving and taking. The name derives from the Arabic expression for two men entering into conversation. Mālik—may Allah have mercy on him—all his followers, and most scholars consider it permissible. Al-Shāfi‘ī, however, holds that a mufāwada partnership involves undue uncertainty and is impermissible, since each partner shares in whatever liabilities, profits, or losses the other incurs, with or without his permission.
The evidence supporting Mālik’s position is the report that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said:
“Enter into mufāwada partnerships, for they bring greater blessing.”
This text explicitly addresses the point in dispute. Moreover, such a partnership involves no undue uncertainty: the partners merely contribute their respective funds, and each authorizes the other to transact freely with them. This is permissible when they state it explicitly, and there is no distinction between stating it explicitly and intending it. Furthermore, the well-known report states that “the Prophet, peace be upon him, prohibited sales involving undue uncertainty,” whereas a partnership is not termed a sale.
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A mufāwada partnership is permissible in whatever proportions the partners agree upon. Nor is their partnership invalidated if one of them has other wealth that he has not included in it. Abū Hanīfa disagrees on both points.
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As for a mudāraba partnership, this is when one man entrusts another with capital to trade with, with the profits divided between them in whatever proportions they agree upon, while any loss is charged against the capital. This is also called muqārada. The name mudāraba derives from the Arabic expression for travelling through the land. In pre-Islamic times, a man would entrust another with money on condition that he travel with it to Syria or elsewhere and use it to purchase merchandise for him on these terms. This has already been discussed fully elsewhere in the Book of Qirād. We have mentioned it here only because the classification called for it.