Al-Muqaddimāt al-Mumahhidāt - Ibn Rush al-Jadd - (3/5)

Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Especially Merciful.

Book of Qirād (Profit-Sharing Partnerships)

Section on the Derivation of the Term Qirād

Qirād is derived from qard. The basic meaning of qard is an act, whether good or evil, that a person does in order to receive recompense for it. This is evidenced by the words of Allah, Almighty and Majestic:

“Who is it that will lend Allah a goodly loan?” [al-Hadīd: 11]

This indicates that a qard may be good or otherwise. Hence a loan, or salaf, is called qard, because a person grants it to another only so that Allah may reward him for it.

Allah Most High calls spending wealth in His cause, seeking what is with Him, a goodly loan because the giver parts with it and dedicates it entirely to Him, purely for His sake, hoping for His reward. Allah Most High says:

“Who is it that will lend Allah a goodly loan, so He may multiply it for him many times over? Allah withholds and grants abundance, and to Him you will be returned.” [al-Baqarah: 245]

He also says:

“Who is it that will lend Allah a goodly loan, so He may multiply it for him, and he will have a noble reward?” [al-Hadīd: 11]

And He says:

“If you lend Allah a goodly loan, He will multiply it for you and forgive you. Allah is Appreciative and Forbearing.” [al-Taghābun: 17]

Since both the owner of the capital and the person who works with it in return for a share of the profit benefit from the arrangement, each intending to benefit the other so that the other will benefit him in turn, it was given a name derived from this meaning: qirād, also called muqārada. This comes from the verb qārada, yuqāridu, whose form denotes participation by two parties, as in fighting one another or exchanging insults.

This is its name among the people of the Hijāz. The people of Iraq, however, never call it qirād, nor do they have a section entitled “Book of Qirād.” Rather, they call it mudāraba and their corresponding section “Book of Mudāraba.” They derive this from the words of Allah, Almighty and Majestic:

“When you travel through the land” [al-Nisā’: 101]

and His words:

﷽ كتاب القراض فصل في معرفة اشتقاق اسم القراض القراض مأخوذ من القرض. وأصل القرض ما يفعله الرجل ليجازى عليه من خير أو شر، بدليل قول الله ﷿: ﴿مَنْ ذَا الَّذِي يُقْرِضُ اللَّهَ قَرْضًا حَسَنًا﴾ [الحديد: ١١] لأن فيه دليلا على أن القرض قد يكون حسنا وغير حسن. ومن ذلك سمي السلف قرضا لأنه إنما يفعله الرجل بصاحبه ليجازيه الله به. وسمى الله تعالى إنفاق المال في سبيله ابتغاء ما عنده قرضا حسنا لإمضائه إياه وتبتيله له لوجهه خالصا رجاء ثوابه عليه فقال تعالى: ﴿مَنْ ذَا الَّذِي يُقْرِضُ اللَّهَ قَرْضًا حَسَنًا فَيُضَاعِفَهُ لَهُ أَضْعَافًا كَثِيرَةً وَاللَّهُ يَقْبِضُ وَيَبْسُطُ وَإِلَيْهِ تُرْجَعُونَ﴾ [البقرة: ٢٤٥] وقال: ﴿مَنْ ذَا الَّذِي يُقْرِضُ اللَّهَ قَرْضًا حَسَنًا فَيُضَاعِفَهُ لَهُ وَلَهُ أَجْرٌ كَرِيمٌ﴾ [الحديد: ١١] وقال: ﴿إِنْ تُقْرِضُوا اللَّهَ قَرْضًا حَسَنًا يُضَاعِفْهُ لَكُمْ وَيَغْفِرْ لَكُمْ وَاللَّهُ شَكُورٌ حَلِيمٌ﴾ [التغابن: ١٧] فلما كان صاحب المال والعامل فيه على جزء منه منتفعين جميعا يقصد كل واحد منهما إلى منفعة صاحبه لينفعه هو اشتق له من معناه اسم وهو القراض والمقارضة، من قارض يقارض لأنها مفاعلة من اثنين كالمقاتلة والمشاتمة. هذا اسمه عند أهل الحجاز. وأما أهل العراق فلا يقولون قراضا البتة ولا عندهم كتاب القراض، وإنما يقولون مضاربة وكتاب المضاربة، أخذوا ذلك من قول الله ﷿ ﴿وَإِذَا ضَرَبْتُمْ فِي الأَرْضِ﴾ [النساء: ١٠١] وقوله: