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The first of the seven categories is taking property through brigandage.
The second is taking it by forcible seizure without brigandage.
The third is taking it by snatching.
The fourth is taking it by theft.
The fifth is taking it through a breach of trust.
The sixth is taking it by exploiting familiarity.
The seventh is taking it through exertion and appropriation.

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Here we shall discuss forcible seizure and its ruling, since it forms the basis of the questions addressed in this book. As for the remaining categories, we shall discuss them in their more appropriate places.

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Forcible seizure of property means taking it wrongfully through coercion and force, assuming ownership of the property itself. Its ruling applies equally to free adults, whether non-Muslims under Muslim protection or Muslims, relatives or unrelated persons. Exceptions are a father taking from his child and a paternal grandfather taking from his grandchild: it has been said that such a person is not subject to the same ruling as an unrelated person who forcibly seizes property, because the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “You and your property belong to your father.”