Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

within a few days thereafter, the principal’s statement that he received nothing from him is accepted upon his oath, and the agent must produce evidence. If, however, some time has elapsed—a month or thereabouts—the agent’s statement is accepted upon his oath: he swears and is discharged. If a very long time has elapsed, neither the agent nor the husband is required to swear an oath, and each is discharged. Ibn al-Mājishūn and Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam said: If the matter arises immediately or within a few days, the agent’s statement is accepted upon his oath; if a very long time has elapsed, his statement is accepted without an oath. Asbagh held the same concerning an agent granted general authority. An agent appointed for a specific matter, however, remains liable until he produces evidence of payment.

Mutarrif and Ibn al-Mājishūn said: If the agent and the husband die shortly after handling those funds, the amount is payable from their estates, provided that receipt is known but payment is not. If they die after that initial period, once sufficient time has elapsed for disbursement, settlement and payment, nothing is payable from their estates, even if payment is neither known nor mentioned.

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A person asked to accept a deposit is not obliged to take possession of it, whether or not the depositor can find someone else to entrust it to. This was stated by Ibn Sha‘bān. If the depositor can find someone else, it is clear that the person asked is not obliged to accept it, for Allah Most High has commanded him only to return it, not to accept it. If, however, the depositor can find no one else to entrust it to, he should be obliged to accept it, by analogy with someone asked to act as a witness, who is obliged to do so if there is no one else in the town who can serve as a witness. Some scholars hold that this is obligatory whether or not another witness can be found in the town, because Allah Most High says:

“And let not the witnesses refuse when they are called upon.” [al-Baqara: 282]

According to Mālik, this applies when someone is called upon to give testimony. It does not apply when he is asked to retain knowledge of a matter and witness it. His position on this is clear, for Allah Most High says:

“And let not the witnesses refuse when they are called upon.” [al-Baqara: 282]

A man is not called a witness until he has knowledge of the matter to which he testifies; he is then obliged to give his testimony.

بقرب ذلك بالأيام اليسيرة، فالقول قول الموكل أنه ما قبض منه شيئا مع يمينه؛ وعلى الوكيل إقامة البينة وإن تباعد الأمر مثل الشهر ونحوه، فالقول قول الوكيل مع يمينه يحلف ويبرأ، وإن طال الأمر جدا، لم يكن على الوكيل ولا على الزوج يمين - وكان برئا. وقال ابن الماجشون وابن عبد الحكم: إن كان بحضرة ذلك وقربه بالأيام اليسيرة صدق الوكيل مع يمينه - وإن طال الأمر جدا، صدق دون يمين، وقال أصبغ مثله في الوكيل المفوض إليه؛ وأما الوكيل على الشيء بعينه، فهو غارم حتى يقيم البينة على الدفع؛ قال مطرف وابن الماجشون فإن مات الوكيل، والزوج بحدثان ما جرى على أيديهما ذلك، كان ذلك في أموالهما - إذا عرف القبض وجهل الدفع؛ وإن كان موتهما بعد حدثانه وما يكون في مثله المخرج والقضاء والدفع، فلا شيء في أموالهما وإن لم يعرف الدفع ولم يذكر. فصل ولا يلزم من استودع قبض الوديعة وجد المودع من يودعه أو لم يجد قال ذلك ابن شعبان؛ فأما إذا وجد من يودع غيره، فبين أنه لا يلزمه قبولها، لأن الله تعالى إنما أمره بالأداء، ولم يأمره بالقبول؛ وأما إذا لم يجد من يستودع سواه، فينبغي أن يلزمه القبول قياسا على من دعي إلى أن يشهد على شهادة، أنه يلزمه ذلك إن لم يكن في البلد من يشهد غيره؛ ومن أهل العلم من يرى أن ذلك لازم له - وجد في البلد من يشهد أو لم يوجد؛ لقول الله تعالى: ﴿وَلا يَأْبَ الشُّهَدَاءُ إِذَا مَا دُعُوا﴾ [البقرة: ٢٨٢]، وهذا عند مالك إذا دعي لأداء الشهادة؛ وأما إذا دعي ليستحفظه إياها ويشهد عليها فلا؛ وقوله في ذلك بين، لأن الله تعالى يقول: ﴿وَلا يَأْبَ الشُّهَدَاءُ إِذَا مَا دُعُوا﴾ [البقرة: ٢٨٢] ولا يسمى الرجل شاهدا حتى يكون عالما بالشهادة، فيجب عليه أداؤها.

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