Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

to the other, or a child to his father—where prevailing custom shows that the purpose is to strengthen affection, given the relationship between them and their consequent need to maintain it—then, if the donor claims that he intended recompense and reciprocation, there are three opinions:

First: his claim is not accepted unless the circumstances indicate that he is telling the truth. This is his explicit statement in al-Mudawwana.

Second: his claim is not accepted, and he is not entitled to recompense unless he stipulates it. This is the apparent meaning of Rabīʿa’s statement in al-Mudawwana and of Mālik’s statement that follows it, since Sahnūn states that Mālik and al-Layth said the same.

Third: his claim is accepted even if nothing indicates that he is telling the truth. This opinion is reported by ʿAbd al-Wahhāb in al-Maʿūna.

Section

Where his claim is accepted in this case, according to the view that accepts it, it is accepted only upon his oath. If he refuses to swear, he is not entitled to recompense, nor is the recipient required to swear. If, however, he claims that he stipulated recompense and, under this view, refuses to swear, the oath passes to the recipient. If the recipient swears, he is discharged of liability; if he refuses, he becomes liable for recompense.

According to the opinion that his claim is not accepted and that he is not entitled to recompense unless he stipulates it, if he claims to have stipulated it but has no evidence, the recipient swears an oath and is thereby relieved of any obligation to provide recompense. If the recipient refuses to swear, the donor swears and becomes entitled to recompense.

According to the opinion that his claim is not accepted and that he is not entitled to recompense unless the circumstances indicate that he is telling the truth, two opinions may be derived concerning whether he must swear an oath when the circumstances support his claim.

Section

As for the fourth category—where the donor intends his gift both to foster affection and to receive recompense, and this is apparent from his purpose

لصاحبه، أو الولد لوالده، فيعلم بالعرف الجاري أن القصد بذلك تأكيد التودد لما بينهما مما يقتضي حاجتهما إلى التودد، فهذا الوجه اختلف فيه إن ادعى الواهب أنه أراد بذلك الثواب والمكافأة على ثلاثة أقوال: أحدها: أنه لا يصدق إلا أن يظهر من صورة الحال ما يدل على صدقه، وهذا نص قوله في المدونة. والثاني: أنه لا يصدق ولا يكون له الثواب إلا أن يشترطه وهو ظاهر قول ربيعة في المدونة، وقول مالك الذي يتلوه لقول سحنون، وقال مالك والليث مثله. والثالث: أنه يصدق وإن لم يظهر ما يدل على صدقه وهذا القول حكاه عبد الوهاب في المعونة. فصل فإذا صدق في هذا الوجه على مذهب من يصدقه فيه، فإنما يصدق باليمين، فإن نكل عن اليمين، لم يكن له ثواب ولم يحلف الموهوب له؛ ولو ادعى أنه اشترط الثواب على هذا القول - ونكل عن اليمين، لرجعت اليمين على الموهوب له فإن حلف بريء وإن نكل لزمه الثواب وأما على القول الذي لا يصدق فيه ولا يكون له الثواب إلا أن يشترطه، فإن ادعى الشرط ولم تكن له بينة، حلف الموهوب له وسقط عنه الثواب؛ فإن نكل حلف الواهب واستحق الثواب؛ وأما على القول الذي لا يصدق فيه ولا يكون له الثواب إلا أن يظهر من صورة الحال ما يدل على صدقه، فيتخرج إيجاب اليمين عليه إن ظهر من صورة الحال ما يدل على صدقه على قولين. فصل وأما القسم الرابع وهو أن يريد بهبته التودد والمكافأة - ويظهر ذلك من قصده

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