to all of them in the phrase “their descendants”; for it cannot properly refer only to the males, excluding the females, without evidence. The report can therefore only be understood as we have explained: he understood the expression “his children” to mean males rather than females, on the basis of people’s known intended usage, whereby they apply the word “children” only to males, not females. He accordingly referred the pronoun back to the males. In my view, the report admits of no other interpretation—and Allah knows best.
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If someone objects: “A scholar’s opinion is not authoritative proof. Some scholars hold that someone who swears not to eat meat or eggs breaks his oath by eating fish or fish eggs, since the terms ‘meat’ and ‘eggs’ apply to them. Thus, the view that he does not break his oath cannot validly serve as the original case upon which the new case is analogically based until its correctness has been established.”
Our proof of its correctness is the consensus that expressions are to be understood according to what is known of the speaker’s intent, rather than their apparent meanings. Allah, Mighty and Majestic, says:
“Worship, then, whatever you please besides Him.” [al-Zumar: 15]
The apparent wording conveys permission and freedom of choice, yet it is understood as a prohibition and a threat, as its meaning indicates, rather than as the permission suggested by the wording alone. And in the account of Shuʿayb, He relates:
“Indeed, you are the forbearing, the right-minded!” [Hūd: 87]
Taken on its own, the wording appears to convey praise and commendation. Yet everyone understands it to convey their intended disparagement and contempt, owing to their dislike of what he commanded them to do. Examples of this kind abound in the Quran, the Sunnah and transmitted reports, beyond counting or exhaustive enumeration.
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If an expression must be understood, on the basis of the speaker’s known intent, in a sense contrary to its wording and apparent meaning, then there is all the more reason to understand a general expression that admits of restriction as bearing only one of its possible meanings, on the basis of the speaker’s known intent and what is most probable, in matters where probability, rather than certain and definitive knowledge, is the proper standard.