of the earlier generations that fulfillment of a vow made in obstinacy or anger is obligatory will likewise maintain here that divorce and manumission take effect. As for the majority, who held that expiation suffices for a vow made in obstinacy or anger, they differed on this issue. Yet no statement from the Companions concerning oaths invoking divorce has reached me. We have received statements about them only from the Followers and those who came after them, because this form of oath was newly introduced and was unknown in their time. We have, however, received statements from the Companions concerning oaths invoking manumission, as we shall mention, Allah willing.

The Followers and those who came after them differed concerning oaths invoking divorce and manumission. Some distinguished such oaths from oaths involving vows and held that divorce and manumission take effect when the oath is broken and that expiation does not suffice, unlike an oath involving a vow. This is a report transmitted by ʿAwf from al-Hasan, and it is the position of al-Shāfiʿī and of Ahmad—according to the explicit statement transmitted from him—as well as Ishāq ibn Rāhawayh, Abū ʿUbayd, and others.

Harb al-Kirmānī narrated from Muʿtamir ibn Sulaymān, from ʿAwf, from al-Hasan, who said: “Every oath—however grave, even if a man binds himself to perform Hajj and Umrah or pledges his wealth to the poor—is merely an oath, unless it entails divorcing a wife who was in his marital bond on the day he swore or manumitting a slave whom he owned on that day.”

Ismāʿīl ibn Saʿīd al-Shālanjī said: I asked Ahmad ibn Hanbal about a man who says to his son, “If I speak to you, my wife is divorced and my slave is free.” He replied, “This does not have the status of an oath, and its consequences are binding upon him whether he says it in anger or while composed.” Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd said: “If he breaks the oath, its consequences are binding upon him with respect to divorce and manumission.” Abū Khaythama held the same view. Ismāʿīl said: Ahmad ibn Hanbal narrated to us: ʿAbd al-Razzāq narrated to us, from Maʿmar, from Ismāʿīl ibn