—the Ever-Sustaining who never sleeps—an exhaustive (1) negation—and He likewise denied death for Himself because His life is utterly perfect (2). Sleep, drowsiness, and death are all deficiencies in life; they are qualities of created beings, whose very life is deficient, for the creature both sleeps and dies.
Thus sleep is a perfection for the creature but a deficiency for the Creator, for a creature that never sleeps is physically impaired. This alone shows the difference between the attributes of the Creator and those of the creation.
“The Living, the Self-Subsisting”: these two names are taken from His words, “Allah—there is no deity but Him, the Ever-Living, the Self-Subsisting” (Q 2: 255). “The Living” is the One whose life is absolutely perfect, while “the Self-Subsisting (al-Qayyūm)” is an emphatic form.
Al-Qayyūm is the One who stands by Himself and sustains all others: standing by Himself, He needs nothing and is independent of everything; sustaining others, every single thing is poor toward Him and depends on His upholding it. Were it not for Allah’s upholding of the heavens—