Among such instances are the pronouns to which the author has referred. When scholars differ over them we say: if the pronoun can validly point to either of the two proposed meanings, the disagreement is one of diversity, for each scholar has merely singled out one variety; but if the pronoun cannot accommodate both, the disagreement is one of contradiction.
The author—may Allah have mercy on him—then raises the question of whether a single homonymous word may be intended for both of its meanings. The correct view is that it may, provided the two senses are not mutually exclusive. Take the word qaswara mentioned earlier: both meanings can be intended, each serving as an illustrative comparison. Thus, in Allah’s words, “farrat min qaswara” (fled from qaswara), He may be likening them to wild asses bolting from an archer, or to domesticated donkeys fleeing from a lion. Because no contextual clue prefers one meaning over the other and the wording accepts both without contradiction, both senses may be intended.
Should the two meanings, however, be mutually incompatible, the text cannot intend them both. An example is the term qurʾ, which may denote either purity or menstruation; the verse that employs it cannot simultaneously carry both senses, for the ensuing legal rulings diverge and cannot be combined. The same applies to the ḥadīth, “Whoever goes (rāḥa) in the first hour” (1). The verb rāḥa is used specifically for setting out after the sun has passed the meridian and is also used more generally for simply “going.” Thus it swings between an unrestricted departure and a particular, post-meridian departure, and the two cannot be combined. For if you say that “whoever goes in the first hour” means that the hours begin after the sun’s zenith, it would follow that one should not leave for Jumuʿah until after midday, making those “hours” mere minutes, since the imam arrives as soon as the sun declines. But if rāḥa is taken in its unrestricted sense, the going begins at the start of the day, that is, from sunrise.
Concerning His words, “By the dawn” (1) and “and by the ten nights” (al-Fajr 1–2), the phrase “the ten nights” has two scholarly interpretations: