incidents, or else that the verse was revealed twice—once on account of this incident and once on account of that.
Commentary
The first alternative is the stronger. If each narrator explicitly—or at least quite plainly—mentions a cause for the verse’s revelation, as we have detailed, do we say, “The causes are multiple while the resultant revelation is one,” or do we say, “Both the causes and the revelations are multiple, so the verse came down for two separate reasons”? The more convincing view is the first, because the repetition of a verse’s descent runs contrary to the norm. The default is that, once a verse is sent down, it is revealed only once; consequently, the causes precede the revelation. In other words, one incident after another took place, and then Allah revealed the verse to clarify the ruling for all of them. It is exceedingly rare for a verse to descend twice—if, in fact, any authentic case exists at all.
It has been reported, for instance, that Surat al-Fatiha was revealed once in Mecca and once in Medina, and Allah knows best. In any event, when several explicit causes are cited for a single verse, the matter is reducible to two possibilities: either (1) the causes are many while the revelation occurred only once, or (2) both causes and revelations are multiple. This applies when both expressions are explicit about descent. If one person says, "It was revealed concerning such-and-such," while another says, "Such-and-such happened, whereupon the verse was revealed," we give priority to the latter, for his wording is clearer. Similarly, if one says, "Its cause of revelation was such-and-such," and the other says, "It was revealed concerning such-and-such," we prefer the one who said, "The cause of revelation was…," because his statement is explicit.
It should also be noted that the first, explicit statement is certainly an occasion of revelation, whereas the second we classify merely as exegesis—in other words, it indicates that the matter falls within the verse’s meaning, just as when someone says about Allah’s words, "So woe…"