Sharh Muqaddimat al-Tafsir li-Ibn TaymiyyahIbn al-'Uthaymin

Allāhu akbar (Allah is the Greatest), that would still be a sound explanation. And if, concerning “My dhikr,” we were to say, “It is the scriptures He has sent down to His servants,” that too would be a valid meaning, for the wording embraces both senses. This is a case of ikhtilāf tanawwuʿ—a diversity of complementary interpretations—because the second sense does not contradict the first. Everything Allah has revealed necessarily entails remembering Him and serves as a reminder to His servants.

If, however, the questioner aims to learn the particular attribute contained in the name, then something more is required than merely identifying the referent. For example, he may ask about al-Quddūs, al-Salām, or al-Muʾmin. He already knows that the One intended is Allah, but what he wants to know is the meaning of His being Quddūs, Salām, or Muʾmin, and the like.

Explanation
If he says, “Who is al-Quddūs?” we answer, “Allah.” Or if he says, “Who is al-Salām?” we answer, “Allah.” Yet if he asks, “What is al-Quddūs? What is al-Salām?” the reply differs, for his use of “what” shows that he seeks the meaning—that is, what does al-Quddūs mean? what does al-Salām mean? Conversely, when he says, “Who is al-Quddūs?” you do not define the term for him; you simply point him to the One named by it, namely Allah, exalted is He.

Once this is understood, the early scholars often referred to the named reality with a phrase that identifies the same entity, even if that phrase includes an attribute absent from the other name. Thus one might say, “Aḥmad is al-Hāshir, al-Māḥī, and al-ʿĀqib,” or, “al-Quddūs is al-Ghafūr al-Raḥīm.” The point is that the referent is one and the same—not that each attribute is identical to the other.

لله، والله أكبر صار تفسيراً صحيحاً وإذا عن ذكري فقلنا له: ما أنزله من الكتب على عباده صار معنى صحيحاً؛ لأن اللفظ صالح لهما جميعاً. وهذا اختلاف تنوع، لأن المعني الثاني لا يضاد المعني الأول. فكل ما أنزله الله ﷿ فهو مستلزم لذكره وهو تذكير لعباده. * * * وإن كان مقصود السائل معرفة ما في الاسم من الصفة المختصة به، فلا بد من قدر زائد على تعيين المسمي مثل أن يسأل عن القدوس، السلام، المؤمن، وقد علم أنه الله، لكن مراده: ما معنى كونه قدوساً، سلاماً، مؤمناً، ونحو ذلك. الشرح إذا قال: من هو القدوس؟ قلنا: الله. أو قال: من السلام؟ قلنا: الله لكن إذا قال ما القدوس؟ ما السلام؟ فهنا يختلف الجواب، لأن سؤاله ب (ما) يدل على أنه أراد المعنى، يعني ما معنى القدوس؟ وما معني السلام؟ بخلاف ما إذا قال: من القدوس؟ فلا يمكن أن تفسر القدوس له، بل تعين المراد به المسمى بهذا الاسم، وهو الله ﷾. * * * إذا عرف هذا، فالسلف كثيراً ما يعبرون عن المسمى بعبارة تدل على عينه، وإن كان فيها من الصفة ما ليس في الاسم الآخر، كمن يقول: أحمد هوالحاشر، والماحي، والعاقب. والقدوس هو: الغفور الرحيم أي: إن المسمى واحد لا أن هذه الصفة هي هذه.

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