whether the view of the Successors can be taken as authoritative proof in exegesis. He—may Allah have mercy on him—said, “Indeed, many scholars…,” which itself shows that the matter is not unanimously agreed upon, and that is exactly the case. There is no doubt that the Successors differed among themselves: those who received the explanation of the Qur’an directly from the Companions are not on the same footing as those who did not. Nevertheless, when a Successor does not trace his statement back to a Companion, that statement is not binding on those who come after him if they disagree with it, for the Successors do not occupy the rank of the Companions. Even so, their words are closer to the truth, and the nearer people are to the Prophetic era, the closer they are to correctness compared to those who come later. This is obvious, for in later times personal whims predominate and many intermediaries lie between those scholars and the age of the Messenger (blessings and peace be upon him); such remoteness inevitably lessens the weight of their opinions. Hence we understand the importance of returning to the statements of the early generations, and that many of the ijtihād-based conclusions reached by later scholars must be examined carefully, for they may be far from accurate.
Thus the avenues for interpreting the Qur’an are now four: (1) the Qur’an itself, (2) the Sunnah, (3) the statements of the Companions, and (4) the statements of the Successors—though the last is subject to dispute. Shaykh al-Islām—may Allah have mercy on him—held that if the Successors are unanimous, their consensus is proof; but if they differ, their individual views are not binding.
Interpreting the Qur’an by Personal Opinion
As for interpreting the Qur’an on the basis of mere opinion, that is forbidden. Muʾammal narrated to us, Sufyān narrated to us, ʿAbd al-Aʿlā narrated from Saʿīd ibn Jubayr, from Ibn ʿAbbās who said: The Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace be upon him) said, “Whoever speaks about the Qur’an without knowledge, let him take his seat in the Fire.” (1)