ordered speech that is heard must have a speaker, and this striking, throwing, and stabbing must have someone who strikes, someone who throws, and someone who stabs.

No rational person doubts these specific, particular propositions, nor does knowing them require proof. Mentioning analogous cases may nevertheless serve as an argument for them, while stating a proposition that encompasses both them and other cases provides a second argument. Thus, they may be established through analogy and syllogistic reasoning. In themselves, however, they are self-evident to rational people, without their having to consider any universal proposition. This is just as a person knows particular facts about himself: he knows that he did not bring himself into being, even without calling to mind that nothing that comes into being brings itself into being.

Thus, people’s innate disposition leads them to remember Allah and glorify Him when they witness newly occurring events such as thunder, lightning, and earthquakes. They know that such an event did not occur by itself, but has an agent who brought it about. Although they know this of all other things that are brought into being, events they regularly experience have become familiar to them, unlike unusual new occurrences. Yet, in most cases, the unusual new events at which they remember Allah and glorify Him are surpassed by familiar signs of Allah that they have already witnessed. Even the creation of the human being alone would suffice, for it is among the greatest signs. Everyone knows that he himself did not