Since this is so, not all rational knowledge constitutes a foundation for revelation—whether in the sense that knowledge of revelation depends upon it, that it establishes revelation’s truth, or in any other sense. This is especially so according to many, or most, of the theologians who affirm divine attributes, such as al-Ashʿarī in one of his two positions, and many, or most, of his followers, such as the distinguished scholar Abū al-Maʿālī al-Juwaynī and those after them who agreed with them. They maintain that knowledge of the Messenger’s truthfulness, when miracles appear that serve to confirm his truthfulness, is immediate, non-inferential knowledge. Accordingly, the rational knowledge upon which knowledge of the Messenger’s truthfulness depends is simple and readily accessible. Moreover, there are many different ways of knowing the Messenger’s truthfulness, as has been discussed at length elsewhere.
Thus, if the rational claim that conflicts with revelation is not something upon which knowledge of revelation’s truth depends, refuting it does not undermine the foundation of revelation. This is clear and evident. Refuting some rational claims does not amount to refuting all of them, just as refuting some claims based on revelation does not amount to refuting all of them. Nor does the soundness of some rational claims entail the soundness of them all, just as the soundness of some claims based on revelation does not entail the soundness of them all.
Accordingly, the soundness of the rational truths upon which our knowledge of revelation rests does not entail the soundness of other rational claims; nor does the invalidity of the latter entail the invalidity of the former. Still less does it entail the soundness of rational claims that contradict revelation.
How, then, can it be said that the soundness of rational truths necessarily associated with revelation entails the soundness of rational claims that contradict revelation? For that through which revelation is known, and without which it cannot be known, is necessary for knowledge of revelation: such knowledge cannot exist without it. It also entails that knowledge, and knowing it entails