need an external cause for what arises from them only because they themselves depend upon an external agent. Nothing of their essence, attributes, or acts exists except through something external to them. The Creator, glorified and exalted be He, however, is independent of everything besides Him. Nothing of His essence, attributes, or acts depends upon anything external to Him, which itself depends upon Him. Thus, in performing anew the acts that subsist in Himself, which He wills and has the power to perform, He has no need of anything independent of Him, just as He needs no such thing to produce His effects external to Him—and this holds all the more for His own acts.
If He has created things external to Himself and made them causes of acts that subsist in Himself—such as the acts of obedience that please Him, the repentance in which He rejoices, the supplication whose petitioner He answers, and similar things—He does not thereby depend in any respect upon anything besides Him. Rather, He, glorified be He, is the Creator of all things. Everything besides Him depends upon Him, while He is independent of everything besides Him. Likewise, His bringing about some created things by means of others, such as sending down rain through clouds and causing plants to grow through water, does not entail His dependence upon external causes. He is the Creator of both, and it is He who makes one the cause of the other. I have discussed these matters at length elsewhere, in greater detail than would be appropriate here.
The sixth response:
One may reply: Their statement, “If His essence is not sufficient for