Darʾ Taʿâroud al-ʿAql wa-n-NaqlIbn Taimiya

on self-evident knowledge.

Since it is necessarily known that whatever is capable of having spatial states cannot be without them, if they attributed spatial states to Him, it would follow that He could never be without them. Yet they hold that an infinite succession of temporal events is impossible, and say that whatever is never without temporal events must itself have come into being. Abū al-Maʿālī and others agree with them on this. If this distinction is sound, the charge of inconsistency fails and their distinction stands. If it is not sound, this provides no argument for their opponent. Rather, one may say: You are both mistaken in holding that temporal events cannot continue perpetually in an infinite succession.

Clearly, this is a cogent argument to which there is no answer. Their distinction between spatial states and other attributes rests on everyone’s self-evident knowledge that whatever is capable of having spatial states cannot be without them. Whatever is capable of motion and rest cannot be without one or the other. This is their way out of the consequence he sought to impose upon them. If spatial states resemble other attributes in that whatever is capable of having something cannot be without either it or its opposite, then their inconsistency is established if He is capable of having such states. But if spatial states are unlike other attributes—as the Muʿtazilah maintain—then their distinction is sound.

They maintain that He is not capable of having such states, and the Muʿtazilah and the Ashʿarīs have agreed with them on this.

If their critic says: According to their own principle, He must be capable of having them, because they describe Him as spatially located, and whatever is spatially located is a body, a corporeal entity;

one may reply: This is like the Muʿtazilah saying to the Ashʿarīs: If you affirm that He has life, knowledge, and power, you must admit that He is spatially located, because these attributes cannot conceivably subsist in anything other than something spatially located.

They also say:

إلى الضرورة، فإذا كان من المعلوم بالضرورة: أن القابل للأكوان لا يخلو عنها، فلو وصفوه بالأكوان للزم أن لا يخلو عنها، وهم يقولون بامتناع تسلسل الحوادث، ويقولون: ما لا يخلو من الحوادث فهو حادث، كما يوافقهم على ذلك أبو المعالي وأمثاله، فإن كان هذا الفرق صحيحاً بطل الإلزام وصح فرقهم، وإن لم يكن هذا الفرق صحيحاً لم يكن في ذلك حجة للمنازع لهم، بل يقول القائل: كلاكما مخطىء، حيث قلتم بامتناع دوام الحوادث وتسلسلها. ومعلوم أن هذا كلام متين لا جواب عنه، فإن فرقهم بين الأكوان وغيرها هو العلم الضروري من الجميع بأن القابل للأكوان لا يخلو منها، فما قبل الحركة والسكون لم يخل من أحدهما، فهذا هو محيصهم عما ألزمهم به، فإن كانت الأكوان كغيرها في أن القابل للشيء لا يخلو عنه ضده فقد ثبت تناقضهم إذا كان قابلاً لها، وإن لم تكن مثل غيرها - كما تقوله المعتزلة - صح فرقهم. وهم يدعون أنه ليس قابلاً لها، كما قد وافقهم على ذلك المعتزلة والأشعرية. فإذا قال المعترض عليهم: يجب على أصلهم أن يكون قابلاً لها، لأنهم يصفونه بكونه متحيزاً، وكل متحيز جسم وجرم، قيل: هذا كما تقوله المعتزلة للأشعرية: يلزمكم إذا قلتم إن له حياة وعلماً وقدرة: أن يكون متحيزاً، لأنه لا يعقل قيام هذه الصفات إلا بمتحيز، ويقولون:

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