but only in the dust-like particles that rise as vapour from water or as smoke from earth, not in large, hard stones that become hot enough to burn while remaining motionless in their place. Water likewise becomes very hot while remaining in place without evaporating; only some of its particles evaporate. Spatial motion then occurs after alteration, not before it, as he claimed when he said: ‘All these are motions that occur later, after spatial motions.’

“In other cases, a body may turn black or white while remaining in place, without moving either before or after the alteration. Thus, this is not necessary for every body, but only for some bodies; nor in every condition and at every time, but only in certain conditions and at certain times. Nor does it precede the alteration, as he claimed; rather, it follows it. Even if it were necessary for bodily changes, it would not be necessary for changes in the soul. And even if it were necessary for changes in the soul as well, it would not follow that the same judgment must extend to changes in understanding, knowledge, resolves, and acts of will. A judgment concerning particular cases does not necessarily hold universally, nor does it extend from some cases to others; otherwise, all things would be in the same state.”

He discussed the question of knowledge at length and said—after mentioning the two views