the discussion concerning the Quran, explaining that it comprises five sections:

First: the Quran is truly Allah’s speech. He reported that Jahm ibn Safwān held that the Quran is not truly Allah’s speech, but merely speech that Allah created and that was therefore attributed to Him, just as one says “Allah’s heaven” and “Allah’s earth,” or “Allah’s House” and “Allah’s month.” The Muʿtazilah, however, stated without qualification that it is truly Allah’s speech, yet agreed with Jahm in substance, saying that Allah created His speech separate from Himself. Muslims in general said that the Quran is truly Allah’s speech and that He spoke it.

The second section concerns the Quran’s not having existed from eternity. The Kullābiyyah and the followers of al-Ashʿarī claimed that Allah has always spoken the Quran. The people of the Community said instead that He spoke the Quran only when He addressed Gabriel with it; the same applies to all the other scriptures.

Third: the Quran is uncreated. The Jahmiyyah, the Najjāriyyah, and the Muʿtazilah claimed that it is created, whereas the people of the Community said that it is uncreated.

Fourth: it is not separate from Allah. For the Jahmiyyah and their followers