Darʾ Taʿâroud al-ʿAql wa-n-NaqlIbn Taimiya

But this is not what he meant; rather, his position and that of his followers are worse than this.

If he means what his wording and his followers’ position indicate—namely, that Allah created an utterance within Moses, which Moses heard without its having any external existence—then this is akin to the sounds a sleeper hears within himself, or those heard inwardly by people who practise spiritual exercises.

There is no doubt that bringing abstract intelligible concepts into being within a person is more perfect than producing such sounds within him. His speaking to Moses would thus be less perfect than His revelation to the other prophets. Yet Allah distinguished Moses by speaking to him, and this is necessarily known in the religion of Muslims, Jews and Christians.

Allah Most High says:

“Indeed, We have revealed to you as We revealed to Noah and the prophets after him. And We revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, the Tribes, Jesus, Job, Jonah, Aaron and Solomon; and to David We gave the Psalms. * And We sent messengers We have already told you about, and messengers We have not told you about. And Allah spoke directly to Moses.”
[al-Nisā’: 163–164]

Allah Most High also says:

“Those messengers—We favoured some over others. Among them were those to whom Allah spoke.”
[al-Baqarah: 253]

And He says:

“When Moses came at Our appointed time and his Lord spoke to him, he said, ‘My Lord, show Yourself to me so that I may look at You.’ He said, ‘You will not see Me.’”

Then, further on:

“He said, ‘O Moses, I have chosen you above other people through My messages and My speaking to you.’”
[al-A‘rāf: 143–144]

And He says:

“We called to him from the right side of the Mount and brought him near for a private conversation.”
[Maryam: 52]

وهو لم يرد هذا، بل قوله وقول أصحابه شر من هذا. وإن أراد ما هو مدلول لفظه وقول أصحابه، وهو أنه خلق لفظاً في نفس موسى سمعه موسى من غير أن يكون له وجود في الخارج، فهذا من جنس ما يسمعه النائم في نفس من الأصوات، وما يقع لأرباب الرياضيات من الأصوات التي يسمعونها في أنفسهم. ولا ريب أن إحداث المعاني العقلية المجردة في نفس الإنسان أكمل من إحداث هذه في نفسه، فيكون تكليمه لموسى أنقص من إيحائه إلى سائر النبيين، والله قد فضل موسى بالتكليم، وعلم ذلك بالضرورة من دين المسلمين واليهود والنصارى. قال تعالى: {إنا أوحينا إليك كما أوحينا إلى نوح والنبيين من بعده وأوحينا إلى إبراهيم وإسماعيل وإسحاق ويعقوب والأسباط وعيسى وأيوب ويونس وهارون وسليمان وآتينا داود زبورا* ورسلا قد قصصناهم عليك من قبل ورسلا لم نقصصهم عليك وكلم الله موسى تكليما} [النساء: ١٦٣-١٦٤] . وقال تعالى: {تلك الرسل فضلنا بعضهم على بعض منهم من كلم الله} [البقرة: ٢٥٣] . وقال: {ولما جاء موسى لميقاتنا وكلمه ربه قال رب أرني أنظر إليك قال لن تراني} إلى قوله: {قال يا موسى إني اصطفيتك على الناس برسالاتي وبكلامي} [الأعراف: ١٤٣-١٤٤] . وقال: {وناديناه من جانب الطور الأيمن وقربناه نجيا} [مريم: ٥٢] .

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