and knows only something universal that has not come into being and has no cause for its existence. For no universal exists except as a determinate instance, so the cause necessitating its existence produces only a determinate particular. Whoever does not know it as a determinate particular does not know the effect of the complete cause.
[The second respect]
This concerns his claim that if He knows an eclipse in a universal manner, He knows all its attributes and incidental properties. On this basis, He would know human existence in a universal manner while knowing all human attributes and incidental properties. This is false.
For human beings do not share the same attributes and incidental properties that characterize them or befall them. Rather, every human being has attributes and incidental properties that no one else shares, such as facial features and tone of voice. No two people have identical facial features or tones of voice.
This is among the signs of His lordship and His knowledge of all things. It is therefore impossible for Him to know everything that characterizes a human being or befalls him in a universal manner, whereas knowledge of much of this—indeed, most of it—is specific to a single individual: it concerns particulars that no one else shares with him. Although people share such features as this person having a head and that person having a head, this person having a heart and a liver and that person having a heart and a liver, and this person having a face and that person having a face, no two of these are identical in every respect. Rather, each has a characteristic peculiar to it.
How, then, can one who knows only shared universals, which contain nothing particular, conceivably know these distinctive characteristics?
[The third respect]
These temporally originated aspects are necessary concomitants of the causes that He knows completely.
How, then, is it conceivable that, despite His complete knowledge of the complete cause, He should not know its necessary concomitants?! Every particular event that comes into being is among its necessary concomitants. Thus, one of two things necessarily follows: