principle. He attributed them to such a principle only because a particular, insofar as it is particular, cannot be the effect of a nature that is not particular.”
The response is:
This statement clearly shows that they can be intellectually apprehended in this manner only as particulars, not as universals. For if they are apprehended insofar as they are necessitated by their determinate, particular cause, they must be apprehended as particulars.
If, however, they are apprehended insofar as they are necessitated by a universal cause, they are apprehended as universals. But the Lord of the worlds is one determinate being, not something abstract and universal. He therefore knows Himself with a determinate knowledge that precludes its applying to any other, not with a universal knowledge that leaves such shared applicability possible.
Accordingly, He knows everything that proceeds from Him in this manner. The statement, “Its kind is confined to its individual instance,” is evidence of this.
As for al-Tūsī’s statement:
“His words, ‘related to a principle whose kind is in its individual instance,’ mean: related to a principle whose specific nature exists in its individual instance. This is because it does not exist in any individual other than that one, while allowing that it could exist in another”—
this holds true only of the natures of created things. As for the Creator, exalted is He, His attribute cannot belong to any other.
The point at issue is that His knowledge of Himself entails knowledge of created things, and that contingent beings are necessitated through Him. Among causes, none necessitates any contingent being except Him, glorified and exalted is He. Everything other than Him necessitates an effect only in conjunction with something else, whereas He, glorified is He, has no partner.
Moreover, how could anything be rendered specific by the principle unless the principle itself were specific, as explained above?
In short, every argument that they or anyone else advance to establish His knowledge of anything demonstrates His knowledge of particulars.