I say:
Al-Ghazālī’s argument from bringing things into existence to knowledge is a sound method that establishes that He knows all things.
However, there are many different ways to establish this; they are not confined to this particular method—especially if the intention is to establish that the world originated by establishing that bodies originated and that a beginningless succession of events is impossible, as he proceeded to do.
This method is an innovation in Islam, by agreement of the scholars of Islam, and is invalid according to the leading scholars of Islam and the majority of rational thinkers. Knowing that the Lord possesses will does not depend on this method, nor even on knowing that bodies originated. Rather, merely knowing that He acts is sufficient. Indeed, many philosophers who hold that the world is eternal say that He possesses will and knows particulars. This is the position adopted by some philosophers and defended by Abū al-Barakāt. They thus establish knowledge through will.
As for the Muslims who say that everything besides Allah is created, their leading scholars and the majority of them do not establish this through the impossibility of a beginningless succession of events, as did the Jahmiyyah, the Muʿtazilah, and their followers. Rather, this is among the speculative theology condemned by the early generations and the leading scholars.
Furthermore, once it is known that the Lord knows His creatures because He created them by His will, one knows that, if He knows everything besides Himself, He must all the more know Himself. This premise does not require the intermediate step of establishing that He is living, although that too is a sound line of argument, and although life is a condition of His possessing knowledge. Yet not everything that is a condition for something’s existence must itself be known in order to infer that thing. For someone who knows that Allah knows everything besides Himself, then considers whether He knows Himself or not, knows that His knowledge of Himself is even more certain than