and His saying, Most High, concerning Abraham:
“Have you considered what you have been worshipping, * you and your forefathers of old?” [Al-Shu‘arā’: 75-76]
Likewise, they cite His words, “the One, the Eternal Refuge,” as evidence for denying that He is above creation, along with other similar arguments discussed at length elsewhere.
Later, it also became clear to me that rational arguments in this matter are like scriptural evidence: most of the rational arguments cited by the proponents of negation support the opposite of their position more strongly than they support their position. This includes the arguments they use to deny the attributes and actions, those the philosophers use to argue for the eternity of the world, and the like. The purpose here is merely to draw attention to this; a detailed discussion belongs elsewhere.
The principal basis of those speculative theologians who deny the actions and attributes—the Jahmiyya, the Mu‘tazila, and their followers—is this argument by which they claim to establish that the world came into existence and that it has a Maker. They hold that anything in which attributes or actions subsist must have come into existence, so that they can thereby infer that the world came into existence. This entails that neither attributes nor actions can subsist in the Maker.
When a discerning person of sound intellect reflects on this, it becomes clear to him that the Maker’s existence and His bringing things into existence cannot be established without affirming His attributes and actions. Nor can the eternalists, whether philosophers or others, be decisively refuted by rational arguments that leave them no escape except through the way of the early generations, who affirm the names, actions, and attributes. As for anyone who denies the actions or the attributes, the eternalist philosophers seize him by the throat, leaving him bewildered, doubtful, uncertain, and wavering between the followers of revealed religions who believe in Allah and His Messenger and these heretics. As Allah, Most High, says concerning the hypocrites:
“Wavering between them, belonging neither to these nor to those.” [Al-Nisā’: 143]