and His saying, exalted is He:

“Or did you think that you would enter Paradise before Allah knows those among you who strive and knows those who are steadfast?” [Āl ‘Imrān: 142]

And His saying:

“We alternate these days among people, so that Allah may know those who believe and take martyrs from among you.” [Āl ‘Imrān: 140]

And His saying:

“When a calamity befell you, although you had inflicted twice as much, did you say, ‘How did this happen?’ Say, ‘It is from your own selves.’” [Āl ‘Imrān: 165]

Down to His saying:

“It was by Allah’s permission, and so that He might know the believers * and so that He might know those who acted hypocritically.” [Āl ‘Imrān: 165–166] To the end of the verse.

And His saying:

“Then We awakened them so that We might know which of the two groups would more accurately reckon how long they had remained.” [Al-Kahf: 12]

And His saying:

“We certainly tested those before them, and Allah will surely know those who are truthful, and He will surely know the liars.”

Down to His saying:

“And Allah will surely know those who believe, and He will surely know the hypocrites.” [Al-‘Ankabūt: 3–11]

There are other such passages in the Book of Allah.

This is despite the agreement of the early generations of the Muslim community and its leading scholars that Allah knows what will happen before it happens. The leading scholars have explicitly stated that whoever denies His eternal knowledge is a disbeliever. These include the extreme Qadarīs, who deny His knowledge of people’s actions before they perform them, and those among the Rāfidīs and others who affirm badā’.