yield it, this can be determined through sound rational inquiry. Anyone intelligent who seeks the truth will recognize the truth of the matter.
We have two aims:
First, the means by which the Maker’s existence and the truthfulness of His Messenger are known do not depend on these Muʿtazilite-Jahmite methods. These are the methods said to conflict with the scriptural proofs; it is also claimed that challenging them undermines the foundation of revealed religion. Once it becomes clear that they are not a foundation for knowing the truth of revealed religion—just as, by common agreement, its truth in itself does not depend on them—the claim that challenging these rational arguments undermines the foundation of revealed religion is disproved. This is what we sought to establish.
The second aim is to show that these rational arguments advanced against revelation are themselves invalid, even if we do not hold them to be a foundation for knowing its truth. We have cited enough rational criticism of them by leading theologians and philosophers to achieve this aim.
Anyone with penetrating insight into these matters will recognize their true nature. Anyone unable to understand some of the subtleties of their discussions need only know that these theorists criticize one another’s proofs. They have not agreed upon two rational premises, nor a set of premises, nor even a single premise from which a rational proof could be derived that would be fit to oppose the reports of the Messenger, may Allah bless him and grant him peace. Indeed, even when they agree on a conclusion—as some theologians and some philosophers agree, for example, in denying that Allah is on high—the former establish that conclusion and deny corporealism through the argument from accidents, while the latter attack this argument and demonstrate its rational invalidity. The latter establish that conclusion through the argument from the denial of conceptual composition, while the former demonstrate the invalidity of their argument. This is like someone claiming a right and producing two sets of witnesses to support it, with each set impugning the other and saying: