or contingent.
If it is contingent, it can exist only through a necessarily existent being that originates and produces it. It follows that the First must act and produce effects, which contradicts what you have stated.
Moreover, if we posit one being that acts by volition and another that acts without volition, the former is more perfect. It therefore follows that the First must produce the world by volition, since you concede that its condition, in its substance and in every other respect, must be understood in terms of the most perfect mode of existence possible for anything. If, however, the world is necessary in its own right, while, according to you, it needs the First as a thing needs that which it emulates and which sets it in motion by volition—a motion through which it attains its perfection—then a necessarily existent being could undergo voluntary motion in which it needs perfection from outside itself.
It is thus established that, whether the world is assumed to be contingent in itself or necessary in its own right, the being that is necessary in its own right must act and produce effects. This refutes what you have stated. Describing it in these terms is more fitting than describing it as having neither action, volition, nor any effect, and as incapable of possessing any attribute of perfection.
[Fifteenth Argument]
It may be said:
In fleeing from ascribing one kind of deficiency to it, you have ascribed to it deficiencies that render it less perfect than everything else in existence.
You have denied that it acts either by volition or without volition because, you claim, this entails a deficiency requiring completion from outside itself.
The response is:
If we suppose that it has neither knowledge, power, life, nor volition; that it performs no act, whether by volition or without it; that it produces no effect whatsoever and is unaffected by anything—then the things that exist would be more perfect than it. This is the utmost deficiency. A being with a deficiency that it can remedy through something outside itself is better than nonexistence and better than a being that cannot remedy its deficiency.