eternal in all its parts and inseparable from the abstract essence, contrary to sensory perception and observation.”
Furthermore, he may be told:
“The action of the First either depends upon a motive or does not. If it depends upon a motive, you are asked: ‘What motive necessitates His bringing the world into existence as it is, with its diverse things and newly occurring events?’ If it does not depend upon a motive, then whatever comes into existence may do so without a motive, and His action need not have a cause.”
Thābit said:
“The adherents of this view must admit that, at the beginning of every act, there is something potential in the ultimate principle at which eternity terminates. That which possesses something potentially cannot bring it into actuality without a cause acting upon it from outside, thereby making it an effect of that cause in that respect. For if there is no cause other than its own essence for bringing what it possesses potentially into actuality, then that thing must necessarily be actual when the essence that actualizes it exists; its existence cannot be delayed beyond the existence of that essence. If, however, it has a cause other than its own essence, then the First Cause and first principle is not truly a first principle, since, if that is its condition, it requires another principle.
“Moreover, if the First Cause possesses something potential for a time that remains unactualized for a time, its substance must undergo change.
“This is something all the ancients have rejected. It should therefore be conceded to Aristotle that the First Cause possesses the utmost possible completeness and perfection.
“Just as nature cannot leave any material idle for even a moment without producing from it the best that can be produced from material of its kind—unless something external intervenes—so Aristotle holds that the same necessity applies to the world as a whole, that is, to its existence in its entirety, since its possibility has always existed, and possibility stands in relation to it as matter does.”
[Refutation on several grounds. The first ground]
The refutation proceeds on several grounds.
The first ground
He may be told:
There are several ways to answer this.