is between them in six days, and His Throne was upon the water.
The majority of Muslims and others hold that the created thing is distinct from the act of creation; rather, the act of creation subsists in Allah’s essence. Thus, the heavens, the earth, and what is between them are brought into being through preceding temporal events, while those events are brought into being through acts that subsist in Allah’s essence and occur through His power and will—glorified and exalted is He.
[The third response]
It may be said:
Either you maintain that everything proceeding from the Necessary Existent in Himself is necessarily entailed by His essence, or necessarily entailed by something His essence necessarily entails; or you maintain that some of it is not necessarily entailed by His essence.
If you affirm the former, this is an obstinate denial of sensory evidence. No one has held this view. It is precisely what their opponents rejected and identified as a necessary consequence of their argument.
If, however, they say that some of it is neither necessarily entailed by the Necessary Existent nor necessarily entailed by what He necessarily entails, but rather comes after Him, then it may be said:
Why could the heavens, the earth, and what is between them—which the messengers reported that Allah created in six days—not be among the temporal events that come later, just like other temporal events?
[The fourth response]
It may be said:
If the world proceeds from a cause that necessarily entails it, whose necessary effect cannot come after it, then it follows that no temporal event has an agent. For no part of the effect of a complete cause can come after that cause. Hence, no temporal event could be an effect of that cause or of any of its effects.
It would therefore follow either that temporal events have no agent, or that their agent is someone other than Him. Rather, the agent of every temporally originated thing would itself be temporally originated, and so on, entailing an infinite regress of agents.
Besides the agreement of rational people that this is invalid, its invalidity is necessarily known in many ways, as has been explained elsewhere.