and particularization among the speculative theologians leads them to the point of preferring the philosophers’ method to that of their predecessors among the speculative theologians, then this shows that they have placed their predecessors’ religion two degrees below that of the Jews and Christians—if they are Muslims. If they are not Muslims, they have deemed the views of the heretical philosophers better than those of the prophets and messengers. For preferring the philosophers’ statements to those of their theological predecessors, while believing that the philosophers’ views which contradict the Messenger—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—are false, and that Jews and Christians are better than the philosophers, entails the first conclusion.
If, however, they believe that the philosophers’ views are better than those of their predecessors, and that their predecessors’ views are those of the prophets, they must deem the philosophers’ views better than those of the prophets. Thus, if they follow their position through consistently, they must either prefer Jews and Christians to their predecessors or prefer philosophers to prophets.
Those among them with less knowledge and faith have inclined towards the second position, whereas those with greater knowledge and faith have found it easier to incline towards the first. For this is unbelief that admits of no evasion—unless, that is, they follow the path of the esoteric Qarmatians, claiming that the words and deeds outwardly presented by the prophets were intended only for the ignorant and the common people, not the elite, and that these words and deeds have hidden meanings contrary to what the prophets openly presented.
In that case, these people are the worst of all groups.
They are worse than Jews and Christians, and worse than the ancient polytheistic philosophers against whom proof had not been established through a revealed Book and a messenger sent to them. Although those philosophers were astray, these people share in their error. Yet in their case there has been such establishment of Allah’s proof against them through His Book and His Messenger, and such unbelief on their part