Let the rational person reflect on the rational analogy used in this matter. They have conceded that a future event may follow every future event, as when someone says: “I will not give you a dirham without giving you a dinar afterward.”
They agree that one cannot say, “I will not give you a dirham until I have given you a dinar.” They disagree, however, over whether a past event may precede every past event. Some reject this, saying: “This is like saying, ‘I will not give you a dirham until I have given you a dinar.’”
Others allow it, saying: “This is not like that impossible case. Rather, it is analogous to the permissible case expressed by the statement, ‘I will not give you a dirham without giving you a dinar afterward.’ This means that an event follows every event, while the other means that an event precedes every event. The meaning is the same in both cases, except that one formulation first mentions what comes after, while the other first mentions what comes before. As far as the meaning is concerned, however, there is no difference between them.”
They say: “As for the impossible case, its counterpart is the statement, ‘I never gave you until I had given you.’ This is analogous to saying, ‘I will not give you until I have given you.’ Its counterpart is not, ‘I never gave you anything without having given you something beforehand.’”
Thus, we have one premise whose possibility is agreed upon, another whose impossibility is agreed upon—indeed, two premises whose impossibility is agreed upon—and a disputed premise: is it analogous to the possible case or to the two impossible cases?
For this reason, later scholars who followed these thinkers, such as al-Rāzī, al-Āmidī, and others, may come to recognize the weakness of this premise upon which they based their argument for the temporal origination of bodies, and may find more persuasive the argument of those who affirm the perpetual activity of the Creator, exalted is He. Yet they know that the faith of Muslims, Jews, and Christians teaches that Allah created the heavens