Darʾ Taʿâroud al-ʿAql wa-n-NaqlIbn Taimiya

And combining our statement that these are originated events with the assertion that they have no beginning is an obvious contradiction in both wording and meaning, and is therefore false.”

They then say:

“Once what we have stated is established—that accidents exist and are originated, and that substances have never been free of them and have not preceded them—it follows that substances must likewise be originated. For substances must exist either alongside accidents, after them, or before them. Once it has been ruled out that substances exist before accidents or come into existence after them, they must exist alongside them, and their being originated is established just as it is for accidents.”

This is what these men maintain, including the two Qādīs and those who agree with them on this matter. This is the wording of al-Qādī Abū Bakr, al-Qādī Abū Ya‘lā, and others like them.

The critic of this argument says that they have offered no proof for the disputed point. They have merely said: “Originated events means things that exist after not having existed. If any of them had no beginning, it would necessarily be eternal.” Yet their opponents do not say that any individual event has no beginning; rather, in their view, every originated event has a beginning. They say only that the kind has no beginning, meaning that every originated event has always been preceded by another and followed by another.

Accordingly, they say that there is no contradiction between saying “originated events” and saying “they have no beginning.” For saying “originated events” means that each and every one of them comes into existence after not having existed; it does not mean that the kind itself is originated.

What has no beginning, in their view, is the kind, not each individual instance. What they affirm to be originated is each individual entity, and they have not affirmed eternity of any of these, nor have they said that any of them has no beginning. What they say has no beginning, but is instead eternal, is the kind whose instances occur in succession; and they have not said that this is originated.

والجمع بين قولنا: حوادث، وأنه لا أول لها، مناقضة ظاهرة في اللفظ والمعنى، وذلك باطل. ثم يقولون: وإذا ثبت ما ذكرنا من ثبوت الأعراض وحدوثها، وأن الجواهر لم تخل منها ولم تسبقها، وجب أن تكون محدثة كهي، لأن الجواهر لا تخلو من أن تكون موجودة معها أو بعدها أو قبلها، فإذا بطل أن تكون الجواهر موجودة قبل الأعراض، وبطل أن توجد بعدها، وجب أن تكون موجودة معها، وثبت حدوثها كحدوث الأعراض. فهذا الذي يقوله هؤلاء، كالقاضيين ومن وافقهما على ذلك، وهذا لفظ القاضي أبي بكر والقاضي أبي يعلى ونحوهما. والمعترض على ذلك يقول إن موضع المنع لم يقيموا عليه حجة، وإنما قالوا: معنى الحوادث أنها موجودة عن عدم، فلو كان فيها ما هو لا أول له، لوجب أن يكون قديماً، وهم لا يقولون فيها ما لا أول له، بل كل حادث له أول عندهم، وإنما يقولون: إن جنسها لا أول له بمعنى أنه لم يزل كل حادث قبله حادث وبعده حادث. وحينئذ فيقولون: إنه لا مناقضة بين قولنا: حوادث، وقولنا: لا أول لها، لأن معنى قولنا: حوادث، أن كل واحد واحد منها حادث منها حادث بعد أن لم يكن، ليس معناه أن جنسها حادث. والذي لا أول له هو الجنس عندهم، لا كل واحد واحد، فالذي أثبتوا له الحدوث، هو كل واحد واحد من الأعيان، وتلك لم يثبتوا لشيء منها قدماً، ولا قالوا: لا أول لشيء منها، والذي قالوا: لا أول له، بل هو قديم، هو النوع المتعاقب، وذلك لم يقولوا: إنه حادث.

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