Darʾ Taʿâroud al-ʿAql wa-n-NaqlIbn Taimiya

Al-Qādī Abū Bakr presents a similar approach with regard to both principles: arguing from determination that whatever comes into existence requires an originator, and establishing this by analogy.

Al-Ashʿarī’s reasoning is better than his, although they all followed the Muʿtazilī path on this fundamental issue and accepted their arguments.

In this method, they established the evident by means of the obscure and sought to clarify what was already clear. They resembled someone who establishes self-evident propositions through propositions requiring reasoned proof, which he in turn bases on other self-evident propositions. For knowing that whatever comes into existence must have an originator is more evident to reason than knowing that something whose coming into existence was possible would have had no greater claim to exist than not to exist, were it not for something that brought about its existence; or that something whose coming into existence was necessary would necessarily come into existence at all times.

Although these propositions are true and self-evident, knowing that whatever comes into existence must have an originator is more evident than they are. The mind is more strongly compelled to assent to this proposition than to those others, and it grasps its two terms more immediately than theirs. Whenever this proposition and those others are presented to someone of sound natural disposition, he assents to this one before the others.

An example is the statement made by Abū al-Maʿālī and those who follow his method, once the world’s coming into existence has been established:

“Whatever comes into existence could either exist or not exist. Whenever it actually comes into existence, it could have done so some time earlier, and its existence could also have been delayed for some hours beyond that time.

“When this possible existence occurs instead of the equally possible continuation of nonexistence, reason judges self-evidently that it requires a determining factor that singled it out for occurrence. And this—may you be guided

والقاضي أبو بكر يذكر ما يشبهها في الأصلين من استدلاله على افتقار المحدث إلى محدث بالتخصيص، والاستدلال على ذلك بالقياس. والأشعري أحسن استدلالاً منه، مع أنهم كلهم سلكوا سبيل المعتزلة في هذا الأصل، وسلموا كلامهم. وهي طريقة أثبتوا فيها الجلي بالخفي وأرادوا بها إيضاح الواضح، كمن يقرر القضايا البديهية بقضايا نظرية، يسندها إلى قضايا أخرى بديهية، وذلك العلم بأن المحدث لا بد له من محدث، أبين في العقل من العلم بأن ما جاز حدوثه، لم يكن بالحدوث أولى من ألا يحدث، لولا شيء اقتضى حدوثه، وبأن ما وجب حدوثه وجب في كل حال. فإن هذه القضايا وإن كانت حقاً، وهي ضرورية، فالعلم بأن المحدث لا بد له من محدث أبين منها، والعقل يضطر إلى التصديق بهذه أعظم مما يضطر إلى التصديق بتلك، وتصور طرفي هذه القضية أبده في العقل من تصور تلك، ولا تعرض هذه القضية وتلك على سليم الفطرة إلا صدق بهذه قبل تلك. وهذا كقول أبي المعالي، ومن وافقه على طريقة، إذا أثبت حدوث العالم: فالحادث جائز وجوده، وكل وقت صادفه كان من المجوزات تقدمه عليه بأوقات، ومن الممكنات استئخار وجوده عن وقته بساعات. فإذا وقع الوجود الجائز بدلاً عن استمرار العدم المجوز، قضت العقول ببداهتها بافتقاره إلى مخصص خصصه بالوقوع، وذلك - أرشدك

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